Friday, March 22, 2013

Diagnóstico radiográfico da hérnia diafragmática em cães, 60 casos / Radiographic diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia: review of 60 cases in dogs and cats.




Radiographic diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia: review of 60 cases in dogs and cats.




Sixty cases of diaphragmatic hernia in dogs and cats were radiologically reviewed and categorized by their characteristic radiographic signs. Any particular predilection for age, sex, or breed was not observed. Liver, stomach and small intestine were more commonly herniated. At least two radiographs, at different angles, were required for a valid diagnosis, because some radiographic signs were not visible in a single radiographic view and more clearly detectable in two radiographic views. In addition to previously reported radiographic signs for diaphragmatic hernia, we found that the location of the stomach axis and the displacement of tracheal and bronchial segments were also useful radiographic signs.


 J Vet Sci. 5(2): 157~162 

Wednesday, March 20, 2013

Avaliação da lesão renal em cadelas com piometra atraves da proteinúria, histomorfologia renal e marcadores urinários / Evaluation of Kidney Injury in Dogs with Pyometra Based on Proteinuria, Renal Histomorphology, and Urinary Biomarkers


Evaluation of Kidney Injury in Dogs with Pyometra Based on Proteinuria, Renal Histomorphology, and Urinary Biomarkers

  1. B. Maddens1
  2. R. Heiene3,4
  3. P. Smets2,
  4. M. Svensson4
  5. L. Aresu5
  6. J. van der Lugt6,
  7. S. Daminet2,†
  8. E. Meyer1,†
Article first published online: 16 AUG 2011
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0772.x
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Volume 25Issue 5pages 1075–1083,September/October 2011

Keywords:

  • Chronic kidney disease;
  • Dog;
  • Endometritis;
  • Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Background: Proteinuria is a feature of pyometra-associated renal dysfunction, but its prevalence and clinical relevance are not well characterized.
Objectives: To define which subset of dogs with pyometra has clinically relevant kidney injury by quantification of proteinuria; light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic examination of kidney biopsy specimens; and measurement of urinary biomarkers.
Animals: Forty-seven dogs with pyometra. Ten clinically healthy intact bitches of comparable age.
Methods: Prospective study. Routine clinicopathological variables including urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPC) were analyzed. Validated assays were used to quantify urinary biomarkers for glomerular (urinary albumin, urinary immunoglobulin G, urinary C-reactive protein, urinary thromboxane B2) and tubular function (urinary retinol-binding protein, urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase). Kidney biopsy specimens from 10 dogs with pyometra and dipstick urine protein concentrations of 2+ or 3+ were collected during ovariohysterectomy. Urinalysis was repeated within 3 weeks after surgery in 9 of the 10 dogs.
Results: UPC (median, range) was significantly higher in dogs with pyometra (0.48, 0.05–8.69) compared with healthy bitches (0.08, 0.02–0.16) (P < .01). Twenty-two of 47 dogs with pyometra had UPC>0.5, 12 had UPC>1.0, and 7 had UPC>2.0. Glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis were common kidney biopsy findings in proteinuric dogs with pyometra. Dogs with glomerulosclerosis (5/10), either global or focal and segmental, had UPC>1.0 at ovariohysterectomy and afterward. Dogs with structural glomerular and tubular changes mostly had urinary biomarker to creatinine ratios above the 75th percentile.
Conclusion: Dogs with pyometra and UPC>1.0 or high ratios of urinary biomarkers appear likely to have clinically relevant renal histologic lesions and require monitoring after ovariohysterectomy. Future studies should evaluate the role of pyometra-associated pathogenic mechanisms in causing or exacerbating focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in dogs.

Características clínicas e moleculares da piometra em cadelas / Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of Pyometra in Female Dogs


Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of Pyometra in Female Dogs

  1. R Hagman*
Article first published online: 24 DEC 2012
DOI: 10.1111/rda.12031
Reproduction in Domestic Animals

Reproduction in Domestic Animals

Special Issue: Canine and Feline Reproduction VII: Reproductive Biology and Medicine of Domestic and Exotic Carnivores. Proceedings of the 7thQuadrennial International Symposium on Canine and Feline Reproduction. Whistler, Canada. 26-29 July 2012.
Volume 47Issue Supplement s6pages 323–325,December 2012

Contents

Pyometra is a common disease of female dogs. In Sweden, where approximately 90% of the dog population is intact (not neutered), nearly 25% of all female dogs are diagnosed with the disease before 10 years of age. In certain high-risk breeds, this risk of developing pyometra exceeds 50%. Various clinical signs associated with the genital tract as well as with systemic disease are present in dogs with pyometra. A frequent and serious consequence of the uterine infection is endotoxaemia and progression into the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), or sepsis, and the disease is then regarded as a medical emergency. Acute phase proteins and inflammatory markers associated with SIRS and with the outcome as measured by length of hospitalization have been identified in blood samples. Recently, the inflammatory response in infected uterine tissue during pyometra has been more closely explored. The expression of many genes associated with chemokines, cytokines, inflammatory cell extravasation, anti-bacterial action, the complement system and innate immune responses and also a large panel of proteases are upregulated in the uterine tissue in pyometra. Products of certain upregulated genes may be detected systemically and used for diagnostic or prognostic purposes provided that tests are developed in the future. More knowledge of the complex local and systemic inflammatory response in pyometra may allow identification of novel disease biomarkers or future targets for treatment. In this article, clinical as well as molecular characteristics of the disease are reviewed.

Tuesday, March 19, 2013

Uso do doppler no diagnóstico de torção esplênica em cães


B-MODE AND DOPPLER ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF THE SPLEEN WITH CANINE SPLENIC TORSION: A RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATION

  1. H. Mark Saunders VMD, MS*
  2. Prudence J. Neath BSc, BVetMed, 
  3. Daniel J. Brockman BVSc
Article first published online: 23 MAY 2005
DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01619.x
Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound

Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound

Volume 39Issue 4pages 349–353July 1998

Keywords:

  • canine;
  • splenic torsion;
  • venous thrombosis;
  • ultrasound;
  • Doppler
The ultrasonographic appearance of splenic torsion has been described; the splenic parenchyma can be normal, hypoechoic or anechoic with interspersed linear echoes (coarse/“lacy” appearance). The ultrasonographic parenchymal appearance of 15 dogs in this report with splenic torsion varied: mottled hypoechoic regions (n=2), diffusely hypoechoic (n=11) and normal (n=2). Because splenic torsion causes vascular congestion due to splenic vein compression and eventual thrombosis, visible splenic vein intraluminal echogenicities compatible with thrombi were seen in 13 dogs using B-mode. Using spectral Doppler and color Doppler imaging of the splenic veins, no measurable flow velocities were detected in any of the 15 dogs. The varied B-mode ultrasonographic appearance of the splenic veins for intraluminal echoes and spectral or color Doppler evaluation for absent velocity flow.

Torção esplênica em cães


Retrospective analysis of 19 cases of isolated torsion of the splenic pedicle in dogs

  1. P. J. NEATH, 
  2. D. J. BROCKMAN, 
  3. H. M. SAUNDERS
Article first published online: 28 JUN 2008
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03491.x
Journal of Small Animal Practice

Journal of Small Animal Practice

Volume 38Issue 9pages 387–392September 1997

Nineteen cases of isolated splenic torsion in the dog were reviewed retrospectively. Perioperative data were anaiysed in order to determine prognostic indicators of morbidity and mortality for animals with this disease. The Great Dane and German shepherd dog were found to be at increased risk for this condition. The historical features of splenic torsion were non-speclflc and included intermittent signs of gastrointestinal disease and abdominal discomfort. Mean duration of malaise was eight days, but 17 dogs were presented because of a rapid deterioration in their condition. Abdominal ultrasound findings assisted in the decision to perform surgery in ail the dogs on which it was performed. Eighteen animals had splenic torsion confirmed at surgery and were treated by total splenectomy. Ail 18 surgically managed dogs survived. Analysis of pre and postoperative data failed to reveal preoperative parameters that consistently predicted postorative complications.


Saturday, March 16, 2013

Retrospective comparison of prednisolone and ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of feline lymphocytic cholangitis


Volume 195, Issue 2, February 2013, Pages 205–209

Retrospective comparison of prednisolone and ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of feline lymphocytic cholangitis

  • Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands



Abstract

A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the effect of treatment with prednisolone or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on the survival times of 26 cats with lymphocytic cholangitis, and to determine prognostic factors. Most affected cats were males (76.9%, = 0.006) and a breed predisposition for the Norwegian Forest Cat was demonstrated (P = 0.021). Clinical signs included weight loss, icterus, anorexia, vomiting, and listlessness. Blood analyses revealed elevated hepatic enzymes, bile acids and hypergammaglobulinaemia. Breed, sex, and therapeutic regimen were significantly associated with survival times. Prednisolone treatment resulted in a statistically longer survival time compared to UDCA.

Keywords

  • Cat
  • Hepatobiliary disease
  • Lymphocytic cholangitis
  • Prednisolone
  • Ursodeoxycholic acid
  • Full-size image (13 K)
  • Doença Inflamatória hepática em felinos





    • Condições que afetam o figado dos felinos podem ser divididas em inflamatórias e não inflamatórias
    • As causas de doenças hepáticas em felinos frequentemente são diferentes das identificadas nos cães.
    • A apresentação pode ser vaga com pouco sintomas até severamente enfermos com complicações metabólicas múltiplas
    • Diagnóstico definitivo geralmente requer biopsia
    • Alimentação por sonda esofágica ou gástrica é indicada em gatos anoréxicos



    Artigo completo acesse o link

    Tuesday, March 12, 2013

    Efeitos da suplementação da N acetilcisteina sobre a concentração intracelular de glutationa, escores clinicos em pacientes hospitalizados

    Pacientes criticamente enfermos apresentam redução na taxa de antioxidantes e aumento na lipoperoxidação.  A N-acetilcisteína é transformada em L-cisteína que corresponde ao principal aminoácido constituinte da glutationa, um antioxidante intracelular. Portanto sua suplementação poderia melhorar os niveis de glutationa, consequentemente melhorando os escores clínicos.

    Setenta e dois cães foram incluídos no estudo, 12 foram excluídos por não completarem 3 dias de internação. Foram separados em 2 grupos, placebo e tratamento que receberam 140mg/kg como dose de ataque de NAC e 70mg/kg a cada 6 horas por 8 oportunidades.
    Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para analise de antioxidantes e seus precursores

    O artigo teve um desenho muito bem feito, simples, com objetivos diretos e avaliação do desfecho, que utilizando o SPI2, traduz a taxa de mortalidade provável para cada grupo que não demonstrou diferenças ao serem admitidos e após o tratamento. 
    O único parâmetro alterado após o tratamentos foram os níveis de cisteína  esperados pela suplementação da N-acetilcisteina. 
    Outra consideração que pode ser realizada é que a avaliação foi a curto prazo, não deixando claro se a suplementação poderia ter outro resultado a longo prazo.
    Portanto a suplementação de NAC apresenta melhoras nos niveis do precursos da glutationa, mas neste estudo de avaliação precoce não demonstrou diferenças na capacidade antioxidante nem no escore clínico


    Effect of N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation on Intracellular Glutathione, Urine Isoprostanes, Clinical Score, and Survival in Hospitalized Ill Dogs

    1. K.R. Viviano*
    2. B. VanderWielen
    Article first published online: 4 MAR 2013
    DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12048















    Keywords:

    • Antioxidants;
    • Glutathione;
    • Lipid peroxidation;
    • Oxidative stress;
    • Vitamin E

    Background

    Antioxidant depletion and lipid peroxidation have been correlated with disease severity and associated with poor outcomes.

    Hypothesis/Objectives

    Supplementing dogs with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) during the first 48 hours of hospitalization will increase cysteine, normalize glutathione concentrations, and decrease the degree of lipid peroxidation associated with illness.

    Animals

    Sixty systemically ill hospitalized client-owned dogs and 14 healthy control dogs.

    Methods

    Randomized investigator-blinded, placebo-controlled prospective study. Dogs were randomized to treatment with NAC (n = 30) versus placebo (n = 30). Antioxidants, urine 8-isoprostane/creatinine (IP/Cr), and clinical score were determined before and after treatment with NAC. Glutathione, cysteine, and vitamin E concentrations were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify selenium and isoprostane concentrations, respectively.

    Results

    Ill dogs had significantly lower vitamin E concentrations (27 versus 55 μg/mL; P = .0005) as well as elevated IP/Cr ratios (872 versus 399 pg/mg; P = .0007) versus healthy dogs. NAC supplementation significantly increased plasma cysteine (8.67 versus 15.1 μM;P < .0001) while maintaining glutathione concentrations. Dogs in the placebo group experienced a statistically significant decrease in glutathione concentrations (1.49 versus 1.44 mM; P = .0463). Illness severity and survival were unchanged after short duration NAC supplementation.

    Conclusions

    Ill dogs experience systemic oxidative stress. Supplementation with NAC during the first 48 hours of hospitalization stabilized erythrocyte glutathione concentrations. The clinical impact of this supplementation and glutathione concentration stabilization was undetermined

    Tuesday, March 5, 2013

    Blood autotransfusion outcomes compared with Ringer lactate infusion in dogs with hemorrhagic shock induced by controlled bleeding

    Logo of jresmedsci

    J Res Med Sci. 2011 October; 16(10): 1332–1339.
    PMCID: PMC3430024

    Blood autotransfusion outcomes compared with Ringer lactate infusion in dogs with hemorrhagic shock induced by controlled bleeding*




    Abstract

    BACKGROUND:

    The most common cause of shock in the surgical or trauma patient is hemorrhage. Crystalloid solutions and blood transfusion are the mainstays of treatment of hemorrhagic shock. Considering the disadvantages of allogeneic blood transfusion, such as risk of transmission of infectious diseases, and access and maintenance limitations, treatment of shock with autologous blood seems to be a decent solution. Autologous blood accumulated in body cavities in traumatic bleeding (such hemothorax), and bloodshed in operation field during open heart or vascular surgeries, and similar situations, can be utilized again. In this study, autotransfusion effects compared with crystalloid fluid in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock was investigated.

    METHODS:

    After induction of hemorrhagic shock in dogs by Wiggers type controlled bleeding, treating them in a group with autologous blood and another group with Ringer lactate were performed, and the results of treatment were studied.

    RESULTS:

    There was no mortality in both treatment approaches. Immediately after treatment, crystalloid positive effects such as renormalized vital signs and appropriate consciousness were more noticeable than autotransfusion, while twenty-four hours after, the desired effects of autologous blood were more pronounced like decreased metabolic acidosis and improvement of diuresis.

    CONCLUSIONS:

    Crystalloid during the first hours after treatment of hemorrhagic shock may be better than autologous blood as preferred treatment, while autotransfusion showed its benefits some hours after. This finding can be used to develop better strategies for treatment of hemorrhagic shock.
    KEYWORDS: Hemorrhagic Shock, Autotransfusion, Crystalloid


    Monday, March 4, 2013

    Splenectomy as an adjunctive treatment for dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: ten cases (2003–2006)


    Splenectomy as an adjunctive treatment for dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: ten cases (2003–2006)

    1. Jason Elliott Horgan DVM, 
    2. Brian Keith Roberts DVM, DACVECC, 
    3. Thomas Schermerhorn VMD, DACVIM
    Article first published online: 15 MAY 2009
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00419.x
    Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care

    Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care

    Volume 19Issue 3pages 254–261June 2009


    Keywords:

    • autoimmune disease;
    • immune-mediated disease;
    • red blood cell;
    • small animal surgery;
    • spleen

    Abstract

    Objective – To describe the patient population, disease severity, and outcome in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) that underwent splenectomy. To compare presurgical and postsurgical data.
    Design – Retrospective case series.
    Setting – Emergency clinic/referral hospital.
    Animals – Ten dogs diagnosed with IMHA.
    Interventions – Splenectomy in addition to standard medical management for IMHA.
    Measurements – Medical records of 10 dogs with IMHA, in which a splenectomy was performed were reviewed. The population was analyzed with regards to physical and clinicopathologic data, severity, treatment, and outcome. Outcome was defined as survival at 30 days, percentage of dogs on medications at 30 days, and number of relapses documented by 30 days. The presurgical and postsurgical PCV and transfusion requirements were documented and compared for each dog.
    Results – Nine of 10 dogs survived to 30 days. Four of the 9 that survived were not on any immunosuppressive medications. There were no relapses during the 30 days. The 3-day postsplenectomy PCVs were significantly higher than presplenectomy. The number of transfusions administered postsplenectomy was significantly less than those administered presplenectomy.
    Conclusion – The use of splenectomy may be associated with an improved outcome in dogs with IMHA.