Wednesday, September 11, 2013

Fatores de risco para o vazamento da anastomose intestinal em cães e gatos / Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991–2000)

Abstract
July 1, 2003, Vol. 223, No. 1, Pages 73-77
doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.73

Abstract
July 1, 2003, Vol. 223, No. 1, Pages 73-77
doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.73

Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991–2000)

Dr. S. Christopher RalphsDVM, MS Carl R. JessenDVM, PhD, DACVR Alan J. LipowitzDVM, MS, DACVS
Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108. (Ralphs, Jessen, Lipowitz); Present address is Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialists, 882 Butler St, Pittsburgh, PA 15223. (Ralphs)
Objective—To identify factors associated with leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats.
Design—Retrospective study.
Animals—90 dogs and 25 cats.
Procedure—Medical records of all dogs and cats that underwent intestinal resection and anastomosis between 1991 and 2000 were reviewed, and information on 27 factors was recorded.
Results—Anastomotic leakage was identified in 13 of the 90 dogs but in none of the 25 cats. Preoperative factors significantly associated with development of anastomotic leakage in dogs included preoperative peritonitis, serum albumin concentration, a left shift, and indication for surgery (dogs with intestinal foreign bodies were more likely to have leakage than dogs that underwent surgery for any other cause). Postoperative and case management factors significantly associated with development of leakage included duration of hospitalization, supplemental alimentation, whether the dog ate the day after surgery, blood product administration, and outcome (died vs survived). Discriminant analysis was performed, and dogs with 2 or more of the following factors were predicted to develop anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. The model accurately predicted whether leakage would develop in 67 of 80 (84%) dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that a variety of factors may be associated with development of intestinal anastomotic leakage in dogs. In particular, dogs with 2 or more of the following risk factors are predicted to be at high risk for developing anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223:73–77)

Dr. S. Christopher RalphsDVM, MS Carl R. JessenDVM, PhD, DACVR Alan J. LipowitzDVM, MS, DACVS
Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108. (Ralphs, Jessen, Lipowitz); Present address is Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialists, 882 Butler St, Pittsburgh, PA 15223. (Ralphs)
Objective

To identify factors associated with leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

90 dogs and 25 cats.

Procedure

Medical records of all dogs and cats that underwent intestinal resection and anastomosis between 1991 and 2000 were reviewed, and information on 27 factors was recorded.

Results

Anastomotic leakage was identified in 13 of the 90 dogs but in none of the 25 cats. Preoperative factors significantly associated with development of anastomotic leakage in dogs included preoperative peritonitis, serum albumin concentration, a left shift, and indication for surgery (dogs with intestinal foreign bodies were more likely to have leakage than dogs that underwent surgery for any other cause). Postoperative and case management factors significantly associated with development of leakage included duration of hospitalization, supplemental alimentation, whether the dog ate the day after surgery, blood product administration, and outcome (died vs survived). Discriminant analysis was performed, and dogs with 2 or more of the following factors were predicted to develop anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. The model accurately predicted whether leakage would develop in 67 of 80 (84%) dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results suggest that a variety of factors may be associated with development of intestinal anastomotic leakage in dogs. In particular, dogs with 2 or more of the following risk factors are predicted to be at high risk for developing anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223:73–77)

Monday, September 9, 2013

Avaliação da concentração plasmática de diazepam e nordiazepam após a administração de diazepam intravenoso ou via supositório retal / Evaluation of plasma diazepam and nordiazepam concentrations following administration of diazepam intravenously or via suppository per rectum in dogs

Abstract
April 2013, Vol. 74, No. 4, Pages 611-615
doi: 10.2460/ajvr.74.4.611

Evaluation of plasma diazepam and nordiazepam concentrations following administration of diazepam intravenously or via suppository per rectum in dogs

Curtis W. ProbstDVMWilliam B. ThomasDVMTamberlyn D. MoyersASTomas MartinDVM, PhDSherry CoxPhD
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. (Probst, Thomas, Moyers); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. (Probst); Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. (Martin, Cox)

Objective

To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of diazepam administered per rectum via compounded (ie, not commercially available) suppositories and determine whether a dose of 2 mg/kg in this formulation would result in plasma concentrations shown to be effective for control of status epilepticus or cluster seizures (ie, 150 to 300 ng/mL) in dogs within a clinically useful interval (10 to 15 minutes).

Animals

6 healthy mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures

Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 3 dogs each in a crossover-design study. Diazepam (2 mg/kg) was administered IV or via suppository per rectum, and blood samples were collected at predetermined time points. Following a 6- or 7-day washout period, each group received the alternate treatment. Plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam were analyzed via reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results

Plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam exceeded the targeted range ≤ 3 minutes after IV administration in all dogs. After suppository administration, targeted concentrations of diazepam were not detected in any dogs, and targeted concentrations of nordiazepam were detected after 90 minutes (n = 2 dogs) or 120 minutes (3) or were not achieved (1).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

On the basis of these results, administration of 2 mg of diazepam/kg via the compounded suppositories used in the present study cannot be recommended for emergency treatment of seizures in dogs.


Friday, September 6, 2013

Degeneração de retina associada a enrofloxacina em gatos / Enrofloxacin-associated retinal degeneration in cats

Enrofloxacin-associated retinal degeneration in cats

  1. Kirk N. Gelatt1,*
  2. Alexandra Van Der Woerdt2
  3. Kerry L. Ketring3
  4. Stacy E. Andrew1,
  5. Dennis E. Brooks1
  6. Daniel J. Biros1
  7. Heidi M. Denis1
  8. Timothy J. Cutler1
Article first published online: 21 DEC 2001
DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-5224.2001.00182.x
Veterinary Ophthalmology

Veterinary Ophthalmology

Volume 4Issue 2pages 99–106June 2001

Keywords:

  • enrofloxacin;
  • feline;
  • retinal degeneration

Abstract

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible relationship between the administration of parenteral enrofloxacin and the onset of acute retinal degeneration in cats. The animals studied included 17 cats that received systemic enrofloxacin and developed retinal degeneration soon thereafter.

Procedures

In this retrospective clinical study, cats that received parenteral enrofloxacin and developed acute blindness were identified. Parameters recorded included breed, age, sex, enrofloxacin dosage (daily dose and number of days administered), medical condition for which the antibiotic had been prescribed, ophthalmic signs, examination results, and the visual outcome. Fundus photographs were obtained in seven cats, and electroretinography was performed in five cats. Histopathology was performed on two eyes from one cat (case 1) that received enrofloxacin 5 months previously and developed retinal degeneration.

Results

All cats were the domestic shorthair breed; seven were females (one neutered) and ten were males (seven castrated). Ages ranged from 3 to 16 years old (mean ± SD; 8.8 ± 4.6 years). The medical disorders for which enrofloxacin was administered ranged from lymphoma and pancreatitis to otitis and dermatitis, and eight cats had urinary diseases. The daily and total dosage of enrofloxacin and number of days of administration were also highly variable. Presenting clinical signs were most often mydriasis and acute blindness. All cats had diffuse retinal degeneration as evidenced by increased tapetal reflectivity and retinal vascular attenuation. Absence of recordable electroretinographic responses suggested diffuse and extensive outer retinal disease. Vision returned in a few cats, but the retinal degeneration persisted or even progressed. Histopathology of two eyes revealed primarily outer retinal degeneration, with diffuse loss of the outer nuclear and photoreceptor layers, and hypertrophy and proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Conclusion

Parenteral enrofloxacin is potentially retinotoxic in some cats, and may result in acute and diffuse retinal degeneration. Blindness often results, but some cats may regain vision. Practitioners should adhere closely to the manufacturer’s current enrofloxacin dosage recommendation (5 mg/kg q 24 h), and continue clinical observations for this drug toxicity in cats.