Fatores de risco para o vazamento da anastomose intestinal em cães e gatos / Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991–2000)

Abstract

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

July 1, 2003, Vol. 223, No. 1, Pages 73-77

doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.73

Abstract

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

July 1, 2003, Vol. 223, No. 1, Pages 73-77

doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.73

Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991–2000)

Dr. S. Christopher Ralphs, DVM, MS Carl R. Jessen, DVM, PhD, DACVR Alan J. Lipowitz, DVM, MS, DACVS

Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108. (Ralphs, Jessen, Lipowitz); Present address is Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialists, 882 Butler St, Pittsburgh, PA 15223. (Ralphs)

Objective—To identify factors associated with leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats.

Design—Retrospective study.
Animals—90 dogs and 25 cats.
Procedure—Medical records of all dogs and cats that underwent intestinal resection and anastomosis between 1991 and 2000 were reviewed, and information on 27 factors was recorded.
Results—Anastomotic leakage was identified in 13 of the 90 dogs but in none of the 25 cats. Preoperative factors significantly associated with development of anastomotic leakage in dogs included preoperative peritonitis, serum albumin concentration, a left shift, and indication for surgery (dogs with intestinal foreign bodies were more likely to have leakage than dogs that underwent surgery for any other cause). Postoperative and case management factors significantly associated with development of leakage included duration of hospitalization, supplemental alimentation, whether the dog ate the day after surgery, blood product administration, and outcome (died vs survived). Discriminant analysis was performed, and dogs with 2 or more of the following factors were predicted to develop anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. The model accurately predicted whether leakage would develop in 67 of 80 (84%) dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that a variety of factors may be associated with development of intestinal anastomotic leakage in dogs. In particular, dogs with 2 or more of the following risk factors are predicted to be at high risk for developing anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223:73–77)

Dr. S. Christopher Ralphs, DVM, MS Carl R. Jessen, DVM, PhD, DACVR Alan J. Lipowitz, DVM, MS, DACVS

Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108. (Ralphs, Jessen, Lipowitz); Present address is Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialists, 882 Butler St, Pittsburgh, PA 15223. (Ralphs)

Objective

To identify factors associated with leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

90 dogs and 25 cats.

Procedure

Medical records of all dogs and cats that underwent intestinal resection and anastomosis between 1991 and 2000 were reviewed, and information on 27 factors was recorded.

Results

Anastomotic leakage was identified in 13 of the 90 dogs but in none of the 25 cats. Preoperative factors significantly associated with development of anastomotic leakage in dogs included preoperative peritonitis, serum albumin concentration, a left shift, and indication for surgery (dogs with intestinal foreign bodies were more likely to have leakage than dogs that underwent surgery for any other cause). Postoperative and case management factors significantly associated with development of leakage included duration of hospitalization, supplemental alimentation, whether the dog ate the day after surgery, blood product administration, and outcome (died vs survived). Discriminant analysis was performed, and dogs with 2 or more of the following factors were predicted to develop anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. The model accurately predicted whether leakage would develop in 67 of 80 (84%) dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results suggest that a variety of factors may be associated with development of intestinal anastomotic leakage in dogs. In particular, dogs with 2 or more of the following risk factors are predicted to be at high risk for developing anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223:73–77)

Avaliação da concentração plasmática de diazepam e nordiazepam após a administração de diazepam intravenoso ou via supositório retal / Evaluation of plasma diazepam and nordiazepam concentrations following administration of diazepam intravenously or via suppository per rectum in dogs

Abstract

American Journal of Veterinary Research

April 2013, Vol. 74, No. 4, Pages 611-615

doi: 10.2460/ajvr.74.4.611

Evaluation of plasma diazepam and nordiazepam concentrations following administration of diazepam intravenously or via suppository per rectum in dogs

Curtis W. Probst, DVM; William B. Thomas, DVM; Tamberlyn D. Moyers, AS; Tomas Martin, DVM, PhD; Sherry Cox, PhD

Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. (Probst, Thomas, Moyers); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. (Probst); Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. (Martin, Cox)

Objective

To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of diazepam administered per rectum via compounded (ie, not commercially available) suppositories and determine whether a dose of 2 mg/kg in this formulation would result in plasma concentrations shown to be effective for control of status epilepticus or cluster seizures (ie, 150 to 300 ng/mL) in dogs within a clinically useful interval (10 to 15 minutes).

Animals

6 healthy mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures

Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 3 dogs each in a crossover-design study. Diazepam (2 mg/kg) was administered IV or via suppository per rectum, and blood samples were collected at predetermined time points. Following a 6- or 7-day washout period, each group received the alternate treatment. Plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam were analyzed via reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results

Plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam exceeded the targeted range ≤ 3 minutes after IV administration in all dogs. After suppository administration, targeted concentrations of diazepam were not detected in any dogs, and targeted concentrations of nordiazepam were detected after 90 minutes (n = 2 dogs) or 120 minutes (3) or were not achieved (1).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

On the basis of these results, administration of 2 mg of diazepam/kg via the compounded suppositories used in the present study cannot be recommended for emergency treatment of seizures in dogs.

Degeneração de retina associada a enrofloxacina em gatos / Enrofloxacin-associated retinal degeneration in cats

Enrofloxacin-associated retinal degeneration in cats

1. Kirk N. Gelatt^1,*, 
2. Alexandra Van Der Woerdt², 
3. Kerry L. Ketring³, 
4. Stacy E. Andrew¹,
5. Dennis E. Brooks¹, 
6. Daniel J. Biros¹, 
7. Heidi M. Denis¹, 
8. Timothy J. Cutler¹

Article first published online: 21 DEC 2001

DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-5224.2001.00182.x

Issue

Veterinary Ophthalmology

Volume 4, Issue 2, pages 99–106, June 2001

Additional Information(Show All)

Keywords:

• enrofloxacin;
• feline;
• retinal degeneration

Abstract

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible relationship between the administration of parenteral enrofloxacin and the onset of acute retinal degeneration in cats. The animals studied included 17 cats that received systemic enrofloxacin and developed retinal degeneration soon thereafter.

Procedures

In this retrospective clinical study, cats that received parenteral enrofloxacin and developed acute blindness were identified. Parameters recorded included breed, age, sex, enrofloxacin dosage (daily dose and number of days administered), medical condition for which the antibiotic had been prescribed, ophthalmic signs, examination results, and the visual outcome. Fundus photographs were obtained in seven cats, and electroretinography was performed in five cats. Histopathology was performed on two eyes from one cat (case 1) that received enrofloxacin 5 months previously and developed retinal degeneration.

Results

All cats were the domestic shorthair breed; seven were females (one neutered) and ten were males (seven castrated). Ages ranged from 3 to 16 years old (mean ± SD; 8.8 ± 4.6 years). The medical disorders for which enrofloxacin was administered ranged from lymphoma and pancreatitis to otitis and dermatitis, and eight cats had urinary diseases. The daily and total dosage of enrofloxacin and number of days of administration were also highly variable. Presenting clinical signs were most often mydriasis and acute blindness. All cats had diffuse retinal degeneration as evidenced by increased tapetal reflectivity and retinal vascular attenuation. Absence of recordable electroretinographic responses suggested diffuse and extensive outer retinal disease. Vision returned in a few cats, but the retinal degeneration persisted or even progressed. Histopathology of two eyes revealed primarily outer retinal degeneration, with diffuse loss of the outer nuclear and photoreceptor layers, and hypertrophy and proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Conclusion

Parenteral enrofloxacin is potentially retinotoxic in some cats, and may result in acute and diffuse retinal degeneration. Blindness often results, but some cats may regain vision. Practitioners should adhere closely to the manufacturer’s current enrofloxacin dosage recommendation (5 mg/kg q 24 h), and continue clinical observations for this drug toxicity in cats.

Pneumotorax espontâneo em 35 gatos / Spontaneous pneumothorax in 35 cats

Spontaneous pneumothorax in 35 cats (2001–2010)

1. Erin T Mooney1,2
2. Elizabeth A Rozanski1
3. Ryan GP King1,2
4. Claire R Sharp1

1. ¹Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
2. ²Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment and Specialties, Walpole, MA, USA

1. Elizabeth Rozanski DVM, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westborough Road, North Grafton, MA 02081, USA Email:elizabeth.rozanski@tufts.edu

Abstract

Thirty-five cases of spontaneous pneumothorax were reviewed. In contrast to dogs, cats with an established etiology all had spontaneous pneumothorax associated with lung disease. Underlying diseases identified in affected cats included inflammatory airway disease, neoplasia, heartworm infection, pulmonary abscess and lungworm infection. Many cats were managed successfully with observation alone or needle thoracocentesis and specific therapy for their primary lung disease. Cats who present with spontaneous pneumothorax may be treated successfully with non-surgical therapies and appear to have a better prognosis than previously extrapolated from canine studies.

• Accepted January 30, 2012.

• 
  

Avaliação cardiológica pré e pós operatória em cães submetidos a lobectomia e pneumonectomia / Pre- and post-operative cardiac evaluation of dogs undergoing lobectomy and pneumonectomy

J Vet Sci. 2010 September; 11(3): 257–264.

Published online 2010 August 17. doi:  10.4142/jvs.2010.11.3.257

PMCID: PMC2924488

Pre- and post-operative cardiac evaluation of dogs undergoing lobectomy and pneumonectomy

Meriç Kocatürk,1 Hakan Salci,2 Zeki Yilmaz,1 A. Sami Bayram,3 Jørgen Koch4

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess the influence of lobectomy and pneumonectomy on cardiac rhythm and on the dimensions and function of the right-side of the heart. Twelve dogs undergoing lobectomy and eight dogs undergoing pneumonectomy were evaluated preoperatively and one month postoperatively with electrocardiography and Doppler echocardiography at rest. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was estimated by the tricuspid regurgitation jet (TRJ) via the pulse wave Doppler velocity method. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria (SIRS) were also evaluated based on the clinical and hematological findings in response to lobectomy and pneumonectomy. Following lobectomy and pneumonectomy, we predominantly detected atrial fibrillation and varying degrees of atrioventricular block (AVB). Dogs that died within seven days of the lobectomy (n = 2) or pneumonectomy (n = 1) had complete AVB. Preoperative right atrial, right ventricular, and pulmonary artery dimensions increased gradually during the 30 days (p<0.05) following pneumonectomy, but did not undergo significant changes during that same period after lobectomy. Mean PASP was 56.0 ± 4.5 mmHg in dogs having significant TRJ after pneumonectomy. Pneumonectomy, but not lobectomy, could lead to increases (p<0.01) in the SIRS score within the first day post-surgery. In brief, it is important to conduct pre- and postoperative cardiac evaluation of dogs undergoing lung resections because cardiac problems are a common postoperative complication after such surgeries. In particular, complete AVB should be considered a life-threatening complication after pneumonectomy and lobectomy. In addition, pneumonectomy appears to increase the likelihood of pulmonary hypertension development in dogs.

Keywords: dog, heart function, lobectomy, pneumonectomy, pulmonary hypertension

Indicações, desfechos e complicações após a toracotomia lateral em cães e gatos / Indications, outcomes and complications following lateral thoracotomy in dogs and cats

Indications, outcomes and complications following lateral thoracotomy in dogs and cats

1. A. L. Moores, 
2. Z. J. Halfacree, 
3. S. J. Baines,
4. V. J. Lipscomb

Article first published online: 28 NOV 2007

DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00417.x

Issue

Journal of Small Animal Practice

Volume 48, Issue 12, pages 695–698, December 2007

Additional Information(Show All)

Objectives: Lateral thoracotomy is widely used for surgical management of thoracic diseases in small animals. The purpose of this paper is to describe the indications for lateral thoracotomy in dogs and cats and the associated outcomes and complications.

Methods: Medical records of animals undergoing lateral thoracotomy were reviewed and owners contacted regarding complications and survival. Relationships between signalment and treatment variables and outcome variables were investigated.

Results: Seventy dogs and 13 cats underwent lateral thoracotomy. Sixty-two per cent of cats and 91 per cent of dogs survived to discharge. Survival to discharge was significantly lower in cats than dogs, for neoplastic than non-neoplastic disease and in older animals. Survival to discharge was higher in animals undergoing patent ductus arteriosus ligation than in those undergoing lung lobectomy or oesophageal surgery. Survival to discharge was not related to surgeon experience. The incidence of complications was not related to species, age, disease, duration of surgery, surgeon experience or duration of thoracostomy tube placement. A low complication rate (5 per cent) was associated with thoracostomy tubes.

Clinical Significance: The approach of lateral thoracotomy has a minimal complication rate and animals with a disease requiring this approach have a high survival rate.

Queimaduras / Thermal injury

 December 2011 (Vol 33, Issue 12)

 December 2011 (Vol 33, Issue 12)

Thermal Injury

by Katie Frantz, DVM, Christopher G. Byers, DVM, DACVECC, DACVIM (SAIM)

Compend Contin Educ Vet. 2011 Dec;33(12):E1. Review.

Abstract

This article addresses the pathophysiology of thermal burns, focusing on the complex inflammatory component, potential complications, and treatment strategies.

Thermal injury is a relatively uncommon presentation in veterinary medicine. Contact with an electric heating pad, a hot muffler of a motor vehicle, or an open flame is the most common inciting cause.¹ Severe thermal injuries, particularly full-thickness burns exceeding 30% of total body surface area, provoke a profound systemic inflammatory response characterized by leukocyte activation and plasma leakage in the microvasculature of tissues or organs remote from the wound.² Burns may be caused by exposure to heat (thermal burns), electricity, chemicals, or radiation.

Citocinas como marcadores imunológicos para inflamação sistêmica em cães com piometra / Cytokines as immunological markers for systemic inflammation in dogs with pyometra

Original Article

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Cytokines as Immunological Markers for Systemic Inflammation in Dogs with Pyometra

1. I Karlsson¹, 
2. R Hagman^2,*, 
3. A Johannisson¹, 
4. L Wang¹, 
5. E Karlstam³, 
6. S Wernersson¹

Article first published online: 24 DEC 2012

DOI: 10.1111/rda.12034

© 2012 Blackwell Verlag GmbH

Issue

Reproduction in Domestic Animals

Special Issue: Canine and Feline Reproduction VII: Reproductive Biology and Medicine of Domestic and Exotic Carnivores. Proceedings of the 7^thQuadrennial International Symposium on Canine and Feline Reproduction. Whistler, Canada. 26-29 July 2012.

Volume 47, Issue Supplement s6, pages 337–341,December 2012

Additional Information(Show All)

Contents

Pyometra is a disease in dogs caused by bacterial infection of the uterus and resulting in SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) in nearly 6 of 10 cases. Clinical diagnostic criteria for SIRS are relatively unspecific, and biomarkers for the diagnosis of pyometra and SIRS in dogs are needed. Serum samples from 32 dogs were used in this study and grouped into dogs with pyometra and SIRS, dogs with pyometra without SIRS and healthy controls. The serum concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18 and TNF-α were measured using multiplex analyses. The serum concentrations of CRP (C-reactive protein) were determined using sandwich ELISA. IL-7, IL-8, IL-15, IL-18 and TNF-α were detected in >94% of samples. IL-10 was detected in 28% of samples, and IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-γ were undetectable. Higher serum concentrations of IL-7 (p < 0.05) were detected in SIRS-positive dogs with pyometra (n = 13) as compared with healthy controls (n = 11). The concentrations of IL-8 were higher in SIRS-positive dogs with pyometra compared to the SIRS-negative group (n = 8; p < 0.05). Positive correlations of IL-15 with IL-18 (p < 0.0001) and with the concentrations of IL-7 (p < 0.0001 for both) were found, although there was no significant difference between groups. Furthermore, IL-15 correlated with concentrations of CRP (p < 0.05), which were higher in dogs with pyometra compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Our data suggest a role of several cytokines in the development of a systemic disease in dogs with pyometra and a possible diagnostic value for serum CRP, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-18 in canine SIRS caused by pyometra.

Estudo retrospectivo da administração de estreptoquinase em 46 gatos com tromboembolismo aórtico / Retrospective study of streptokinase administrarion in 46 cats with aortic thromboembolism

Retrospective Study of Streptokinase Administration in 46 Cats with Arterial Thromboembolism

1. Kari E. Moore DVM¹, 
2. Nancy Morris DVM¹,
3. Nishi Dhupa BVSc, DACVECC, DACVIM¹,
4. Robert J. Murtaugh DVM, MS, DACVECC, DACVIM², 
5. John E. Rush DVM, MS, DACVIM (Cardiology), DACVECC^3,*

Article first published online: 1 JUL 2007

DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2000.tb00010.x

Issue

Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care

Volume 10, Issue 4, pages 245–257, December 2000

Additional Information(Show All)

Keywords:

• arterial thromboembolism;
• streptokinase;
• hyperkalemia;
• coagulopathy;
• cardiomyopathy;
• aortic thromboembolism

Summary

A retrospective evaluation was performed on 46 cats with arterial thromboembolism (ATE) that were treated with streptokinase (SK). Significant heart disease was diagnosed in 45/46 cats, and 21/46 cats had congestive heart failure. Variable dosing schemes of streptokinase were administered within 1–20 hours following the onset of clinical signs (median = 5.5 hours). There was no difference between survivors (S) and non-survivors (NS), based on time of administration of SK after onset of clinical signs. Twenty-five (54%) of the cats had return of pulses within 2–24 hours of treatment. Fourteen (30%) of the cats had return of motor function between 9 hours and 6 days. Fifteen of the cats (33%) were discharged from the hospital, 18 (39%) died in the hospital, and 13 (28%) cats were euthanized due to complications or poor response to treatment. Four of 5 cats (80%) with single limb dysfunction survived to hospital discharge. Life threatening hyperkalemia was diagnosed in 16 cats (35%) after SK administration. Hyperkalemia was more likely to occur with the longer duration of SK infusion. Eleven cats (24%) developed clinical signs of bleeding following SK administration and 3 of these cats required a blood transfusion. Laboratory testing documented coagulopathy following SK administration in 11 out of 17 cats tested. Hypothermia and azotemia prior to SK administration and the development of hyperkalemia were negatively associated with survival.

Hipercoagulabilidade em gatos com miocardiopatia / Hypercoagulability in cats with cardiomyopathy

Hypercoagulability in Cats with Cardiomyopathy

1. T. Stokol¹, 
2. M. Brooks¹, 
3. J.E. Rush³, 
4. M. Rishniw², 
5. H. Erb¹, 
6. E. Rozanski³, 
7. M.S. Kraus², 
8. A.L. Gelzer²

Article first published online: 10 JUL 2008

DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0098.x

Copyright © 2008 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Issue

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Volume 22, Issue 3, pages 546–552, May–June 2008

Additional Information(Show All)

Keywords:

• Aortic thromboembolism;
• d-dimer;
• Endothelial injury;
• Hemostasis;
• Spontaneous echocardiographic contrast;
• Thrombin-antithrombin complexes

Background: Arterial thromboembolism (ATE) is a common complication of feline cardiomyopathy; however, the pathogenesis of ATE is unknown.

Hypothesis: Systemic activation of the coagulation cascade (hypercoagulability) and endothelial injury promote ATE in cardiomyopathic cats.

Animals: Healthy cats (n = 30) and 3 groups of cardiomyopathic cats: Group (1) left atrial enlargement only (LAE [n = 11]), ie, left atrial to aortic ratio >1.4; Group (2) LAE with spontaneous echocardiographic contrast, atrial thrombi or both (SEC-T [n = 16]); and Group (3) acute ATE with LAE (n = 16).

Methods: Hypercoagulability was defined by 2 or more laboratory abnormalities reflecting coagulation factor excess (high fibrinogen concentration or Factor VIII coagulant activity), inhibitor deficiency (low antithrombin activity), or thrombin generation (high thrombin-antithrombin complex [TAT] and d-dimer concentrations). High von Willebrand factor antigen concentration (vWF : Ag) was considered a marker of endothelial injury. Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistics.

Results: The 3 groups of cats with cardiac disease had higher median fibrinogen concentrations than did the healthy cats. Criteria of hypercoagulability were found exclusively in cats with SEC-T (50%) and ATE (56%). Hypercoagulability was not associated with left atrial size or congestive heart failure (CHF). ATE cats had significantly higher median vWF : Ag concentration than did the other groups.

Conclusinos and Clinical Importance: Systemic hypercoagulability is evident in many cardiomyopathic cats, often without concurrent CHF or overt ATE. Hypercoagulabilty may represent a risk factor for ATE. High vWF : Ag in ATE cats was attributed to downstream endothelial injury from the occlusive thrombus.