Manejo da pancreatite aguda em cães: Uma avaliação crítica focando na nutrição e analgesia - Management of acute pancreatitis in dogs: a critical appraisal with focus on feeding and analgesia

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Management of acute pancreatitis in dogs: a critical appraisal with focus on feeding and analgesia

1. C. Mansfield and
2. T. Beths

Article first published online: 14 JAN 2015

DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12296

© 2015 British Small Animal Veterinary Association

Issue

Journal of Small Animal Practice

Special Issue: Special issue on canine and feline pancreatitis

Volume 56, Issue 1, pages 27–39, January 2015

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Knowledge about acute pancreatitis has increased recently in both the medical and veterinary fields. Despite this expansion of knowledge, there are very few studies on treatment interventions in naturally occurring disease in dogs. As a result, treatment recommendations are largely extrapolated from experimental rodent models or general critical care principles. General treatment principles involve replacing fluid losses, maintaining hydrostatic pressure, controlling nausea and providing pain relief. Specific interventions recently advocated in human medicine include the use of neurokinin-1 antagonists for analgesia and early interventional feeding. The premise for early feeding is to improve the health of the intestinal tract, as unhealthy enterocytes are thought to perpetuate systemic inflammation. The evidence for early interventional feeding is not supported by robust clinical trials to date, but in humans there is evidence that it reduces hospitalisation time and in dogs it is well tolerated. This article summarises the major areas of management of acute pancreatitis in dogs and examines the level of evidence for each recommendation.

Taxa de filtração glomerular, débito urinário e taxa de clearance de eletrólitos e sua associação com a sobrevida em cães apresentando lesão renal aguda - Glomerular Filtration Rate, Urine Production, and Fractional Clearance of Electrolytes in Acute Kidney Injury in Dogs and Their Association with Survival

Glomerular Filtration Rate, Urine Production, and Fractional Clearance of Electrolytes in Acute Kidney Injury in Dogs and Their Association with Survival

1. N. Brown^1,†,*, 
2. G. Segev^2,†, 
3. T. Francey³, 
4. P. Kass⁴ and
5. L.D. Cowgill⁵

Article first published online: 16 JAN 2015

DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12518

Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Issue

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Volume 29, Issue 1, pages 28–34, January 2015

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Keywords:

• Acute renal failure;
• Kidney;
• Renal/Urinary tract;
• Excretion ratio;
• Urinary clearance;
• Prognostic indicators

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in dogs. Few studies have assessed sequential changes in indices of kidney function in dogs with naturally occurring AKI.

Objective

To document sequential changes of conventional indices of renal function, to better define the course of AKI, and to identify a candidate marker for recovery.

Animals

Ten dogs with AKI.

Methods

Dogs were prospectively enrolled and divided into surviving and nonsurviving dogs. Urine production was measured with a closed system for 7 days. One and 24-hour urinary clearances were performed daily to estimate solute excretion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Solute excretion was calculated as an excretion ratio (ER) and fractional clearance (FC) based on both the 1- and 24-hour urine collections.

Results

Four dogs survived and 6 died. At presentation, GFR was not significantly different between the outcome groups, but significantly (P = .03) increased over time in the surviving, but not in the nonsurviving dogs. Fractional clearance of Na decreased significantly over time (20.2–9.4%, P < .0001) in the surviving, but not in the nonsurviving dogs. The ER and FC of solutes were highly correlated (r, 0.70–0.95).

Conclusion and Clinical Impact

Excretion ratio might be used in the clinical setting as a surrogate marker to follow trends in solute excretion. Increased GFR, urine production, and decreased FC of Na were markers of renal recovery. The FC of Na is a simple, noninvasive, and cost-effective method that can be used to evaluate recovery of renal function.

Caracterização da anemia das doenças inflamatórias em felinos com abcessos, piotorax e necrose lipidica - Characterization of the Anemia of Inflammatory Disease in Cats with Abscesses, Pyothorax, or Fat Necrosis

Characterization of the Anemia of Inflammatory Disease in Cats with Abscesses, Pyothorax, or Fat Necrosis

1. Mareike Ottenjann¹, 
2. Christiane Weingart¹,
3. Gisela Arndt² and
4. Barbara Kohn^1,†

Article first published online: 5 FEB 2008

DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00713.x

Issue

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Volume 20, Issue 5, pages 1143–1150, September 2006

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Keywords:

• Erythrocyte survival;
• Erythropoietin;
• Feline;
• Inflammation;
• Iron metabolism

The purpose of this study was to describe the anemia of inflammatory disease (AID) in cats with naturally-occurring inflammatory diseases, such as abscesses (n = 12), pyothorax (n = 6), and fat necrosis (n = 3). Exclusion criteria were positive FeLV/FIV tests, neoplasia, nephro-, hepato-or endocrinopathies, and blood loss anemia. CBC, clinical biochemistry, measurements of serum erythropoietin, iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin, acute phase proteins, erythrocytic osmotic fragility (OF), and Coombs' tests were performed. A decrease in hematocrit of 1–28% (median, 10%) occurred within 3–16 days (median, 8 days). The anemia was mild (n = 11), moderate (n = 8), or severe (n = 2). In most cases it was normocytic normochromic, non-regenerative (n = 18), or mildly regenerative (n = 3). Sixteen cats had leukocytosis and 5 mild hyperbilirubinemia. The Coombs' test results were negative for 8 cats and positive for 1 cat. OF was increased in 2 out of 14 cats. Hypoalbuminemia (n = 18) and hyperglobulinemia (n = 16) resulted in a lowered albumin/globulin-ratio in 19 cats. Iron and TIBC were low in 2/19 and 6/19 cats, respectively. The ferritin concentrations were normal in 7 cats and increased in 12 cats. The acute phase proteins α₁-acid-glycoprotein and haptoglobin were increased in 14/14 and 13/14 cats, respectively. Erythropoietin was normal (n = 4), mildly increased (n = 7) or severely increased (1). Two cats were euthanized due to their underlying disease, 3 cats needed blood transfusions. AID in cats is usually mild to moderate, non-regenerative, and normocytic normochromic. It can be clinically relevant causing severe and transfusion-dependent anemia. AID seems to be multifactorial with evidence of iron sequestration, decreased RBC survival, and insufficient erythropoietin production and bone marrow response. Specific and supportive therapy, including transfusions, can reverse these processes.

Diferença entre as concentrações central e periférica de glicose no diagnóstico do tromboembolismo arterial agudo em cães e gatos - Peripheral and Central Venous Blood Glucose Concentrations in Dogs and Cats with Acute Arterial Thromboembolism

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Peripheral and Central Venous Blood Glucose Concentrations in Dogs and Cats with Acute Arterial Thromboembolism

1. S. Klainbart^*, 
2. E. Kelmer, 
3. B. Vidmayer, 
4. T. Bdolah-Abram, 
5. G. Segev and
6. I. Aroch

Article first published online: 16 JUL 2014

DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12400

Copyright © 2014 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Keywords:

• Canine;
• Feline;
• Glucometer;
• Thrombosis

Background

Acute limb paralysis because of arterial thromboembolism (ATE) occurs in cats and less commonly in dogs. ATE is diagnosed based on physical examination findings and, occasionally, advanced imaging.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Peripheral, affected limb venous glucose concentration is decreased in ATE, whereas its systemic concentration is within or above reference interval.

Animals

Client-owned cats and dogs were divided into 3 respective groups: acute limb paralysis because of ATE (22 cats and 9 dogs); acute limb paralysis secondary to orthopedic or neurologic conditions (nonambulatory controls; 10 cats and 11 dogs); ambulatory animals presented because of various diseases (ambulatory controls; 10 cats and 9 dogs).

Methods

Prospective observational, clinical study. Systemic and local (affected limb) blood glucose concentrations were measured. Their absolute and relative differences (ΔGlu and %ΔGlu, respectively) were compared among groups.

Results

ΔGlu and %ΔGlu were significantly higher in the ATE cats and dogs groups, compared to both of their respective controls (P < .0001 andP < .001, respectively). No significant differences were observed between the control groups. Receiver operator characteristics analysis of ΔGlu and %ΔGlu as predictors of ATE had area under the curve of 0.96 and 0.99 in cats, respectively, and 1.00 and 1.00, in dogs, respectively. ΔGlu cutoffs of 30 mg/dL and 16 mg/dL, in cats and dogs, respectively, corresponded to sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 90% in cats, respectively, and 100% in dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

ΔGlu and %ΔGlu are accurate, readily available, diagnostic markers of acute ATE in paralyzed cats and dogs.

Hipomagnesemia em cães braquicefálicos - Hypomagnesemia in Brachycephalic Dogs

Standard Article

Hypomagnesemia in Brachycephalic Dogs

1. M.S. Mellema^1,* and
2. G.L. Hoareau²

Article first published online: 1 JUL 2014

DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12393

Copyright © 2014 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Issue

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Volume 28, Issue 5, pages 1418–1423,September/October 2014

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Keywords:

• Boxer;
• Bulldog;
• Hypercapnea;
• Intracellular magnesium;
• Parenteral magnesium tolerance testing;
• Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

Background

Brachycephalic dogs are at risk for arterial hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea, which are both associated with chronic magnesium (Mg) depletion.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To compare the period prevalence of hypomagnesemia between Boxers and Bulldogs presented to a referral teaching hospital. To screen a group of Bulldogs for evidence of hypomagnesemia, and to obtain pilot data regarding the utility of parenteral Mg tolerance testing (PMgTT) in the diagnosis of whole-body Mg deficiency.

Animals

Chemistry laboratory submissions were retrospectively analyzed for serum total Mg (tMg) in Boxers and Bulldogs. Prospectively, 16 healthy client-owned Bulldogs were enrolled.

Methods

Retrospective case study. tMg concentrations were compared between Boxers and Bulldogs. Dogs with low serum albumin or high serum creatinine concentrations were excluded. Prospectively, ionized Mg (iMg), tMg, and arterial blood pressure were measured and iMg-to-tMg ratio (iMg : tMg) was calculated. Parenteral Mg tolerance testing (PMgTT) was performed in 3/16 dogs.

Results

In the retrospective study, period prevalence of hypomagnesemia was 4.7% in Boxers and 15% in Bulldogs (P = .02). The risk ratio for hypomagnesemia in Bulldogs was 1.8 when compared to Boxers (CI: 1.3–2.7). In the prospective study, iMg was [median (interquartile)] 0.43 (0.42–0.46) mmol/L (reference range 0.4–0.52), tMg was 1.9 (1.8–1.9) mg/dL (reference range 1.9–2.5). iMg : tMg was [mean (±SD)] 0.59 ± 0.04. Percentage retention after PMgTT were 55%, 95%, and 67%, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Mg deficiency is common in Bulldogs and could contribute to comorbidities often observed in this breed. iMg : tMg and PMgTT might prove helpful in detecting chronic subclinical Mg deficiency.