Wednesday, October 16, 2013

Cães com sepse apresentam aumento da concentração da proteina C reativa, mas não da HMGB1 / Increased concentrations of C-reactive protein but not high-mobility group box 1 in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis

Research paper

Increased concentrations of C-reactive protein but not high-mobility group box 1 in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis

  • a Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Biomedical Centre, Box 575, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
  • b Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
  • c Department of Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
  • Abstract

    Sepsis is difficult to diagnose and remains a common mortality cause worldwide in both humans and animals. The uterine infection pyometra causes sepsis in more than half of affected dogs and therefore allows the natural physiological development of sepsis to be studied. To find a sepsis-specific biochemical marker that could be combined with conventional clinical criteria for a more robust and quick diagnosis of sepsis, we measured systemic concentrations of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in 23 healthy control dogs and in 27 dogs with pyometra, 74% of which had sepsis. We also measured concentrations of the major acute phase protein C-reactive protein (CRP) and an indicator for endotoxaemia, prostaglandin Fmetabolite (PGM) to assess the relative contribution of HMGB1 to the detection of systemic inflammation and endotoxaemia. We found that HMGB1 concentrations, in line with concentrations of CRP and PGM, were significantly increased in dogs with pyometra, and that concentrations of CRP, but not HMGB1, were significantly higher in dogs with sepsis compared to dogs without sepsis. Although serum HMGB1 did not differ between dogs with or without sepsis and was not correlated with either CRP or PGM concentrations, HMGB1 was correlated with the total white blood cell counts, suggesting an independent regulation and involvement in inflammation.

    Keywords

    • Sepsis
    • SIRS
    • Biomarkers
    • Diagnostics
    • Cytokines
    • Canine/dog
    • Pyometra
    • Bacterial uterine infection;
    • Inflammation
    • HMGB1
    • CRP
    • PGM
    • Table 1. Clinical and laboratory variables in dogs with pyometra.a
      ParametersbP+SIRS+ (n = 20)P+SIRS (n = 7)Controls (n = 23)
      Body temp (°C)39.3 (38.9–39.7)38.5 (38.2–38.9)38.2 (38.1–38.3)
      HR (counts/min)100 (86.5–127)100 (85–100)96 (84–102)
      RR (counts/min)29 (24.5–82.5)16 (16–18)16 (16–21)
      WBC (cells ×109/L)20.7 (18.2–25.6)11.5 (10.4–14.2)9.8 (8.2–12)
      PBN (%)26.4 (10.8–74.7)16.8 (2.9–36.7)0.77 (0.0–4.76)
      Lymph (cells ×109/L)1.8 (1.0–2.6)1.45 (0.95–1.75)2.4 (1.7–3.3)
      Mono (cells ×109/L)2.35 (1.65–3.8)0.4 (0.25–1.6)0.4 (0.3–0.7)
      Eosin (cells ×109/L)0.0 (0.0–0.65)0.4 (0.05–0.6)0.5 (0.2–1.4)
      Baso (cells ×109/L)0.0 (0.0–0.0)0.0 (0.0–0.0)0.0 (0.0–0.1)
      ALAT (μkat/L)0.3 (0.2–0.4)0.4 (0.3–1.4)0.5 (0.4–0.7)
      Bile acids (g/L)1.85 (0.65–3.95)2.5 (0.8–2.6)3.8 (1.8–5.7)
      Crea (μmol/L)62 (54.5–76)53 (48–62)76 (61–80)


Friday, October 11, 2013

Hiperaldosteronismo em gatos

  1. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgeryvol. 7 no. 3 173-182

Primary hyperaldosteronism in the cat: A series of 13 cases

  1. Roderick Andrew, Ash, BVetMed, CertSAM, MBA, MRCVS1
  2. Andrea M Harvey, BVSc, CertSAM, MRCVS2
  3. Séverine Tasker, BSc, BVSc, PhD, DSAM, DipECVIM-CA, MRCVS2,*
  1. 1 Grove Lodge Veterinary Hospital, 18 Upper Brighton Road, Worthing, Sussex BN14 9DL, UK
  2. 2 The Feline Centre, School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
  1. * Tel: +44 117928 9558; Fax: +44 117928 9559. s.tasker@bristol.ac.uk

Abstract

Thirteen cases of feline primary hyperaldosteronism were diagnosed based on clinical signs, serum biochemistry, plasma aldosterone concentration, adrenal imaging and histopathology of adrenal tissue. Two cases presented with blindness caused by systemic hypertension, whilst the remaining 11 cases showed weakness resulting from hypokalaemic polymyopathy. Elevated concentrations of plasma aldosterone and adrenocortical neoplasia were documented in all cases. Seven cases had adrenal adenomas (unilateral in five and bilateral in two) and six had unilateral adrenal carcinomas. Three cases underwent medical treatment only with amlodipine, spironolactone and potassium gluconate; two cases survived for 304 and 984 days until they were euthanased because of chronic renal failure, whilst the third case was euthanased at 50 days following failure of the owner to medicate the cat. Ten cases underwent surgical adrenalectomy following a successful stabilisation period on medical management. Five cases remain alive at the time of writing with follow-up periods of between 240 and 1803 days. Three cases were euthanased during or immediately following surgery because of surgical-induced haemorrhage. One cat was euthanased 14 days after surgery because of generalised sepsis, whilst the remaining cat was euthanased 1045 days after surgery because of anorexia and the development of a cranial abdominal mass. It is recommended that primary hyperaldosteronism should be considered as a differential diagnosis in middle-aged and older cats with hypokalaemic polymyopathy and/or systemic hypertension and should no longer be considered a rare condition.
  • Accepted July 8, 2003.

Monday, October 7, 2013

Avaliação de uma técnica anestésica em cães submetidos a craniectomia para ressecção de tumores / Evaluation of an anaesthetic technique used in dogs undergoing craniectomy for tumour resection

Evaluation of an anaesthetic technique used in dogs undergoing craniectomy for tumour resection

  1. Anthea L Raisis BVSc, MRCVS, MACVS, DVA PhD1
  2. Elizabeth A Leece BVSC, MRCVS, CVA2
  3. Simon R Platt BVM+S, MRCVS, Diplomate ECVN, Diplomate ACVIM (Neurology)2
  4. Vicki J Adams DVM, BSc, MSc, PhD3
  5. Federico Corletto DVM, MRCVS, CVA2
  6. Jackie Brearley MA, VetMB, PhD, MRCA, MRCVS, DVA, Diplomate ECVA2
Article first published online: 16 APR 2007
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00318.x
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

Volume 34Issue 3pages 171–180May 2007

Abstract

Objective  To evaluate a total intravenous anaesthetic technique in dogs undergoing craniectomy.
Study design  Prospective clinical study.
Animals  Ten dogs admitted for elective surgical resection of rostro-tentorial tumours.
Methods  All dogs were premedicated with methadone, 0.2 mg kg−1 intramuscularly 30 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol administered intravenously (IV) to effect, following administration of lidocaine 1 mg kg−1 IV and maintained with a continuous infusion of propofol at ≤0.4 mg kg−1 minute−1 during instrumentation and preparation and during movement of the animals to recovery. During surgery, anaesthesia was maintained using a continuous infusion of propofol at ≤0.4 mg kg−1 minute−1and alfentanil ≤1 μg kg−1 minute−1. Lidocaine was administered at 1 mg kg−1 IV immediately prior to extubation. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were recorded prior to induction and every 5 minutes throughout preparation and surgery. Central venous pressure was recorded every 5 minutes throughout surgery.
Results  Administration of propofol and lidocaine prevented significant increases in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HR during endotracheal intubation and extubation. Adequate MAP was maintained throughout anaesthesia. Recovery was smooth and excitement free. There was no association between duration of anaesthesia, total drugs administered, or severity of neurological disease and recovery times. Postoperatively there was no deterioration in neurological function in the immediate postoperative period with complete resolution of pre-existing neurological deficits within 7 days of surgery.
Conclusion  This technique provided minimal response to intubation and extubation, adequate arterial blood pressure and a smooth predictable recovery. All animals were neurologically improved by the time of discharge, suggesting that this technique had not caused significant neuronal damage.
Clinical relevance  Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil appears to be a satisfactory anaesthetic technique for use in dogs undergoing surgery for debulking/removal of rostro-tentorial tumours.


Abcesso pancreático em 36 cães: Uma análise retrospectiva dos indicadores prognósticos / Pancreatic Abscess in 36 Dogs: A Retrospective Analysis of Prognostic Indicators

Current Issue Cover


Pancreatic Abscess in 36 Dogs: A Retrospective Analysis of Prognostic Indicators

  1. S. Kathleen Salisbury, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVS
  1. Abstract

    Thirty-six dogs were diagnosed with pancreatic abscess by the presence of purulent exudate within the parenchyma of the pancreas during exploratory laparotomy. Data regarding history, physical examination findings, clinicopathological data, diagnostic imaging findings, bacteriological culture results, abdominal drainage technique, and perioperative treatment were evaluated for factors predictive of survival. Elevated blood urea nitrogen, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and rising bicarbonate ion concentration were each found to have statistically significant (P<0.05) influences on survival to discharge. Twenty-two (71%) of 36 dogs died or were euthanized prior to discharge from the hospital.


Wednesday, September 11, 2013

Fatores de risco para o vazamento da anastomose intestinal em cães e gatos / Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991–2000)

Abstract
July 1, 2003, Vol. 223, No. 1, Pages 73-77
doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.73

Abstract
July 1, 2003, Vol. 223, No. 1, Pages 73-77
doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.73

Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991–2000)

Dr. S. Christopher RalphsDVM, MS Carl R. JessenDVM, PhD, DACVR Alan J. LipowitzDVM, MS, DACVS
Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108. (Ralphs, Jessen, Lipowitz); Present address is Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialists, 882 Butler St, Pittsburgh, PA 15223. (Ralphs)
Objective—To identify factors associated with leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats.
Design—Retrospective study.
Animals—90 dogs and 25 cats.
Procedure—Medical records of all dogs and cats that underwent intestinal resection and anastomosis between 1991 and 2000 were reviewed, and information on 27 factors was recorded.
Results—Anastomotic leakage was identified in 13 of the 90 dogs but in none of the 25 cats. Preoperative factors significantly associated with development of anastomotic leakage in dogs included preoperative peritonitis, serum albumin concentration, a left shift, and indication for surgery (dogs with intestinal foreign bodies were more likely to have leakage than dogs that underwent surgery for any other cause). Postoperative and case management factors significantly associated with development of leakage included duration of hospitalization, supplemental alimentation, whether the dog ate the day after surgery, blood product administration, and outcome (died vs survived). Discriminant analysis was performed, and dogs with 2 or more of the following factors were predicted to develop anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. The model accurately predicted whether leakage would develop in 67 of 80 (84%) dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that a variety of factors may be associated with development of intestinal anastomotic leakage in dogs. In particular, dogs with 2 or more of the following risk factors are predicted to be at high risk for developing anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223:73–77)

Dr. S. Christopher RalphsDVM, MS Carl R. JessenDVM, PhD, DACVR Alan J. LipowitzDVM, MS, DACVS
Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108. (Ralphs, Jessen, Lipowitz); Present address is Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialists, 882 Butler St, Pittsburgh, PA 15223. (Ralphs)
Objective

To identify factors associated with leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

90 dogs and 25 cats.

Procedure

Medical records of all dogs and cats that underwent intestinal resection and anastomosis between 1991 and 2000 were reviewed, and information on 27 factors was recorded.

Results

Anastomotic leakage was identified in 13 of the 90 dogs but in none of the 25 cats. Preoperative factors significantly associated with development of anastomotic leakage in dogs included preoperative peritonitis, serum albumin concentration, a left shift, and indication for surgery (dogs with intestinal foreign bodies were more likely to have leakage than dogs that underwent surgery for any other cause). Postoperative and case management factors significantly associated with development of leakage included duration of hospitalization, supplemental alimentation, whether the dog ate the day after surgery, blood product administration, and outcome (died vs survived). Discriminant analysis was performed, and dogs with 2 or more of the following factors were predicted to develop anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. The model accurately predicted whether leakage would develop in 67 of 80 (84%) dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results suggest that a variety of factors may be associated with development of intestinal anastomotic leakage in dogs. In particular, dogs with 2 or more of the following risk factors are predicted to be at high risk for developing anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223:73–77)

Monday, September 9, 2013

Avaliação da concentração plasmática de diazepam e nordiazepam após a administração de diazepam intravenoso ou via supositório retal / Evaluation of plasma diazepam and nordiazepam concentrations following administration of diazepam intravenously or via suppository per rectum in dogs

Abstract
April 2013, Vol. 74, No. 4, Pages 611-615
doi: 10.2460/ajvr.74.4.611

Evaluation of plasma diazepam and nordiazepam concentrations following administration of diazepam intravenously or via suppository per rectum in dogs

Curtis W. ProbstDVMWilliam B. ThomasDVMTamberlyn D. MoyersASTomas MartinDVM, PhDSherry CoxPhD
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. (Probst, Thomas, Moyers); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. (Probst); Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. (Martin, Cox)

Objective

To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of diazepam administered per rectum via compounded (ie, not commercially available) suppositories and determine whether a dose of 2 mg/kg in this formulation would result in plasma concentrations shown to be effective for control of status epilepticus or cluster seizures (ie, 150 to 300 ng/mL) in dogs within a clinically useful interval (10 to 15 minutes).

Animals

6 healthy mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures

Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 3 dogs each in a crossover-design study. Diazepam (2 mg/kg) was administered IV or via suppository per rectum, and blood samples were collected at predetermined time points. Following a 6- or 7-day washout period, each group received the alternate treatment. Plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam were analyzed via reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results

Plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam exceeded the targeted range ≤ 3 minutes after IV administration in all dogs. After suppository administration, targeted concentrations of diazepam were not detected in any dogs, and targeted concentrations of nordiazepam were detected after 90 minutes (n = 2 dogs) or 120 minutes (3) or were not achieved (1).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

On the basis of these results, administration of 2 mg of diazepam/kg via the compounded suppositories used in the present study cannot be recommended for emergency treatment of seizures in dogs.


Friday, September 6, 2013

Degeneração de retina associada a enrofloxacina em gatos / Enrofloxacin-associated retinal degeneration in cats

Enrofloxacin-associated retinal degeneration in cats

  1. Kirk N. Gelatt1,*
  2. Alexandra Van Der Woerdt2
  3. Kerry L. Ketring3
  4. Stacy E. Andrew1,
  5. Dennis E. Brooks1
  6. Daniel J. Biros1
  7. Heidi M. Denis1
  8. Timothy J. Cutler1
Article first published online: 21 DEC 2001
DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-5224.2001.00182.x
Veterinary Ophthalmology

Veterinary Ophthalmology

Volume 4Issue 2pages 99–106June 2001

Keywords:

  • enrofloxacin;
  • feline;
  • retinal degeneration

Abstract

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible relationship between the administration of parenteral enrofloxacin and the onset of acute retinal degeneration in cats. The animals studied included 17 cats that received systemic enrofloxacin and developed retinal degeneration soon thereafter.

Procedures

In this retrospective clinical study, cats that received parenteral enrofloxacin and developed acute blindness were identified. Parameters recorded included breed, age, sex, enrofloxacin dosage (daily dose and number of days administered), medical condition for which the antibiotic had been prescribed, ophthalmic signs, examination results, and the visual outcome. Fundus photographs were obtained in seven cats, and electroretinography was performed in five cats. Histopathology was performed on two eyes from one cat (case 1) that received enrofloxacin 5 months previously and developed retinal degeneration.

Results

All cats were the domestic shorthair breed; seven were females (one neutered) and ten were males (seven castrated). Ages ranged from 3 to 16 years old (mean ± SD; 8.8 ± 4.6 years). The medical disorders for which enrofloxacin was administered ranged from lymphoma and pancreatitis to otitis and dermatitis, and eight cats had urinary diseases. The daily and total dosage of enrofloxacin and number of days of administration were also highly variable. Presenting clinical signs were most often mydriasis and acute blindness. All cats had diffuse retinal degeneration as evidenced by increased tapetal reflectivity and retinal vascular attenuation. Absence of recordable electroretinographic responses suggested diffuse and extensive outer retinal disease. Vision returned in a few cats, but the retinal degeneration persisted or even progressed. Histopathology of two eyes revealed primarily outer retinal degeneration, with diffuse loss of the outer nuclear and photoreceptor layers, and hypertrophy and proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Conclusion

Parenteral enrofloxacin is potentially retinotoxic in some cats, and may result in acute and diffuse retinal degeneration. Blindness often results, but some cats may regain vision. Practitioners should adhere closely to the manufacturer’s current enrofloxacin dosage recommendation (5 mg/kg q 24 h), and continue clinical observations for this drug toxicity in cats.