Saturday, December 20, 2014

Diferença entre as concentrações central e periférica de glicose no diagnóstico do tromboembolismo arterial agudo em cães e gatos - Peripheral and Central Venous Blood Glucose Concentrations in Dogs and Cats with Acute Arterial Thromboembolism

Peripheral and Central Venous Blood Glucose Concentrations in Dogs and Cats with Acute Arterial Thromboembolism

  1. S. Klainbart*
  2. E. Kelmer, 
  3. B. Vidmayer, 
  4. T. Bdolah-Abram, 
  5. G. Segev and
  6. I. Aroch
Article first published online: 16 JUL 2014
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12400

Friday, November 7, 2014

Hipomagnesemia em cães braquicefálicos - Hypomagnesemia in Brachycephalic Dogs

Hypomagnesemia in Brachycephalic Dogs

  1. M.S. Mellema1,* and
  2. G.L. Hoareau2
Article first published online: 1 JUL 2014
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12393
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Volume 28Issue 5pages 1418–1423,September/October 2014
Article has an altmetric score of 1



Keywords:

  • Boxer;
  • Bulldog;
  • Hypercapnea;
  • Intracellular magnesium;
  • Parenteral magnesium tolerance testing;
  • Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

Background

Brachycephalic dogs are at risk for arterial hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea, which are both associated with chronic magnesium (Mg) depletion.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To compare the period prevalence of hypomagnesemia between Boxers and Bulldogs presented to a referral teaching hospital. To screen a group of Bulldogs for evidence of hypomagnesemia, and to obtain pilot data regarding the utility of parenteral Mg tolerance testing (PMgTT) in the diagnosis of whole-body Mg deficiency.

Animals

Chemistry laboratory submissions were retrospectively analyzed for serum total Mg (tMg) in Boxers and Bulldogs. Prospectively, 16 healthy client-owned Bulldogs were enrolled.

Methods

Retrospective case study. tMg concentrations were compared between Boxers and Bulldogs. Dogs with low serum albumin or high serum creatinine concentrations were excluded. Prospectively, ionized Mg (iMg), tMg, and arterial blood pressure were measured and iMg-to-tMg ratio (iMg : tMg) was calculated. Parenteral Mg tolerance testing (PMgTT) was performed in 3/16 dogs.

Results

In the retrospective study, period prevalence of hypomagnesemia was 4.7% in Boxers and 15% in Bulldogs (P = .02). The risk ratio for hypomagnesemia in Bulldogs was 1.8 when compared to Boxers (CI: 1.3–2.7). In the prospective study, iMg was [median (interquartile)] 0.43 (0.42–0.46) mmol/L (reference range 0.4–0.52), tMg was 1.9 (1.8–1.9) mg/dL (reference range 1.9–2.5). iMg : tMg was [mean (±SD)] 0.59 ± 0.04. Percentage retention after PMgTT were 55%, 95%, and 67%, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Mg deficiency is common in Bulldogs and could contribute to comorbidities often observed in this breed. iMg : tMg and PMgTT might prove helpful in detecting chronic subclinical Mg deficiency.

Wednesday, October 29, 2014

Infusão intensiva de insulina intravenosa em felinos diabéticos - Intensive Intravenous Infusion of Insulin in Diabetic Cats



Intensive Intravenous Infusion of Insulin in Diabetic Cats

  1. M. Hafner1
  2. S. Dietiker-Moretti1
  3. K. Kaufmann1
  4. C. Mueller1
  5. T.A. Lutz2
  6. C.E. Reusch1 and
  7. E. Zini1,3,4,*
Article first published online: 13 OCT 2014
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12449





Background

Remission occurs in 10–50% of cats with diabetes mellitus (DM). It is assumed that intensive treatment improves β-cell function and increases remission rates.

Hypothesis

Initial intravenous infusion of insulin that achieves tight glycemic control decreases subsequent insulin requirements and increases remission rate in diabetic cats.

Animals

Thirty cats with newly diagnosed DM.

Methods

Prospective study. Cats were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups. Cats in group 1 (n = 15) received intravenous infusion of insulin with the goal of maintaining blood glucose concentrations at 90–180 mg/dL, for 6 days. Cats in group 2 (n = 15) received subcutaneous injections of insulin glargine (cats ≤4 kg: 0.5–1.0 IU, q12h; >4 kg 1.5–2.0 IU, q12h), for 6 days. Thereafter, all cats were treated with subcutaneous injections of insulin glargine and followed up for 6 months. Cats were considered in remission when euglycemia occurred for ≥4 weeks without the administration of insulin. Nonparametric tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results

In groups 1 and 2, remission was achieved in 10/15 and in 7/14 cats (P = .46), and good metabolic control was achieved in 3/5 and in 1/7 cats (P = .22), respectively. Overall, good metabolic control or remission occurred in 13/15 cats of group 1 and in 8/14 cats of group 2. In group 1, the median insulin dosage given during the 6-month follow-up was significantly lower than in group 2 (group 1: 0.32 IU/kg/day, group 2: 0.51 IU/kg/day; P = .013).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Initial intravenous infusion of insulin for tight glycemic control in cats with DM decreases insulin requirements during the subsequent 6 months.

Saturday, August 2, 2014

Novos aspectos da patogenia da Leucoencefalite pelo virus da cinomose / New aspects of the pathogenesis of canine distemper leukoencephalitis

viruses-logo
Review

New Aspects of the Pathogenesis of Canine Distemper Leukoencephalitis


Abstract: Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a member of the genus morbillivirus, which is known to cause a variety of disorders in dogs including demyelinating leukoencephalitis (CDV-DL). In recent years, substantial progress in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of CDV-DL has been made. In vivo and in vitro investigations provided new insights into its pathogenesis with special emphasis on axon-myelin-glia interaction, potential endogenous mechanisms of regeneration, and astroglial plasticity. CDV-DL is characterized by lesions with a variable degree of demyelination and mononuclear inflammation accompanied by a dysregulated orchestration of cytokines as well as matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. Despite decades of research, several new aspects of the neuropathogenesis of CDV-DL have been described only recently. Early axonal damage seems to represent an initial and progressive lesion in CDV-DL, which interestingly precedes demyelination. Axonopathy may, thus, function as a potential trigger for subsequent disturbed axon-myelin-glia interactions. In particular, the detection of early axonal damage suggests that demyelination is at least in part a secondary event in CDV-DL, thus challenging the dogma of CDV as a purely primary demyelinating disease. Another unexpected finding refers to the appearance of p75 neurotrophin (NTR)-positive bipolar cells during CDV-DL. As p75NTR is a prototype marker for immature Schwann cells, this finding suggests that Schwann cell remyelination might represent a so far underestimated endogenous mechanism of regeneration, though this hypothesis still remains to be proven. Although it is well known that astrocytes represent the major target of CDV infection in CDV-DL, the detection of infected vimentin-positive astrocytes in chronic lesions indicates a crucial role of this cell population in nervous distemper. While glial fibrillary acidic protein represents the characteristic intermediate filament of mature astrocytes, expression of vimentin is generally restricted to immature or reactive astrocytes. Thus, vimentin-positive astrocytes might constitute an important cell population for CDV persistence and spread, as well as lesion progression. In vitro models, such as dissociated glial cell cultures, as well as organotypic brain slice cultures have contributed to a better insight into mechanisms of infection and certain morphological and molecular aspects of CDV-DL. Summarized, recent in vivo and in vitro studies revealed remarkable new aspects of nervous distemper. These new perceptions substantially improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of CDV-DL and might represent new starting points to develop novel treatment strategies.

Tuesday, June 24, 2014

Comparação entre os diferentes testes para o diagnóstico da Peritonite Infecciosa Felina / Comparison of Different Tests to Diagnose Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Comparison of Different Tests to Diagnose Feline Infectious Peritonitis

  1. Katrin Hartmann1,*
  2. Christina Binder2,
  3. Johannes Hirschberger2
  4. Dana Cole3,
  5. Manfred Reinacher4
  6. Simone Schroo4,
  7. Jens Frost5
  8. Herman Egberink6
  9. Hans Lutz7 and
  10. Walter Hermanns8
Article first published online: 28 JUN 2008
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02515.x
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Volume 17Issue 6pages 781–790November 2003

Keywords:

  • Cat;
  • Diagnosis;
  • FCoV;
  • Feline coronavirus;
  • FIP.
Clinical data from 488 cats (1979–2000) with histopathologically confirmed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and 620 comparable controls were evaluated retrospectively to assess the value of several diagnostic tests frequently used in the evaluation of cats with suspected FIP. Diagnostic utility of serum albumin to globulin ratio for the diagnosis of FIP was greater than of the utility of serum total protein and -/-globulin concentrations. Diagnostic utility of these variables was higher when performed on effusion. On effusion, positive and negative predictive values of Rivalta's test, a test that distinguishes between exudates and transudates (0.86 and 0.97), anti-coronavirus antibody detection (0.90 and 0.79), and immunofluorescence staining of coronavirus antigen in macrophages (1.00 and 0.57) were investigated. The positive and negative predictive values of presence of anti-coronavirus antibodies were 0.44 and 0.90, respectively, antibody concentrations (1:1,600) were 0.94 and 0.88, presence of immune complexes measured by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were 0.67 and 0.84, and detection of viral RNA by serum reverse-transcrip-tase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were 0.90 and 0.47. Effusion RT-PCR was performed in 6 cats; it was positive in all 5 cats with FIP and negative in the cat with another disease. Diagnostic assays on the fluid in cats with body effusion had good predictive values. Definitive diagnosis of FIP on the basis of measurement of various variables in serum was not possible. Serum tests can only be used to facilitate the decision for more invasive diagnostic methods.