Decreased Immunoglobulin A Concentrations in Feces, Duodenum, and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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Decreased Immunoglobulin A Concentrations in Feces, Duodenum, and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

1. S. Maeda¹, 
2. K. Ohno^1,*, 
3. K. Uchida², 
4. K. Nakashima¹, 
5. K. Fukushima¹, 
6. A. Tsukamoto¹, 
7. M. Nakajima¹, 
8. Y. Fujino¹, 
9. H. Tsujimoto¹

Article first published online: 6 DEC 2012

DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12023

Copyright © 2012 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Issue

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Volume 27, Issue 1, pages 47–55, January/February 2013

Additional Information(Show All)

How to CiteAuthor InformationPublication HistoryFunding Information

1. This study was presented in part at the 2012 ACVIM Forum, New Orleans, LA

   
   

   
   

   Background

   Although immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a key role in regulating gut homeostasis, its role in canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unknown.

   Hypothesis

   IgA expression may be altered in dogs with IBD, unlike that observed in healthy dogs and dogs with other gastrointestinal diseases.

   Animals

   Thirty-seven dogs with IBD, 10 dogs with intestinal lymphoma, and 20 healthy dogs.

   Methods

   Prospective study. IgA and IgG concentrations in serum, feces, and duodenal samples were measured by ELISA. IgA⁺ cells in duodenal lamina propria and IgA⁺ CD21⁺ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were examined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, respectively. Duodenal expression of the IgA-inducing cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), B cell activating factor (BAFF), and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) was quantified by real-time RT-PCR.

   Results

   Compared to healthy dogs, dogs with IBD had significantly decreased concentrations of IgA in fecal and duodenal samples. The number of IgA⁺ CD21⁺ PBMCs and IgA⁺ cells in duodenal lamina propria was significantly lower in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs or dogs with intestinal lymphoma. Duodenal BAFF and APRIL mRNA expression was significantly higher in IBD dogs than in the healthy controls. Duodenal TGF-β mRNA expression was significantly lower in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs and dogs with intestinal lymphoma.

   Conclusions and Clinical Importance

   IBD dogs have decreased IgA concentrations in feces and duodenum and fewer IgA⁺ PBMCs, which might contribute to development of chronic enteritis in dogs with IBD.

Original Article

Serial evaluation of neutrophil function in tumour-bearing dogs undergoing chemotherapy

1. A. K. LeBlanc^1,*, 
2. C. J. LeBlanc², 
3. B. W. Rohrbach², 
4. S. A. Kania²

Article first published online: 20 JAN 2013

DOI: 10.1111/vco.12015

© 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Issue

Veterinary and Comparative Oncology

Early View (Online Version of Record published before inclusion in an issue)

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Keywords:

• cancer;
• canine;
• chemotherapy;
• flow cytometry;
• oxidative burst;
• phagocytosis

Abstract

We hypothesized that neutrophil function in tumour-bearing dogs is negatively impacted by chemotherapy. Flow cytometric techniques were used to assess neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytic activities at baseline, 7 and 21 days after induction chemotherapy in 20 dogs with lymphoma. Dogs had a lower percentage of neutrophils exhibiting oxidative burst activity after stimulation with Escherichia coli(day 7; P = 0.009) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (days 7 and 21; P = 0.0003 and P = 0.01, respectively), compared with healthy controls. From day 0 to 7, the percentage of neutrophils exhibiting oxidative burst activity decreased after stimulation with E. coli (P = 0.016) and PMA (P = 0.0006). Induction chemotherapy suppresses the percentage of neutrophils capable of oxidative burst in dogs with lymphoma, with improvement in phagocytic activity over time (P = 0.03). The impact of neutrophil dysfunction on incidence and severity of sepsis in dogs receiving chemotherapy should be investigated.

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Acute Azotemia as a Predictor of Mortality in Dogs and Cats

1. E. Harison^1,*, 
2. C. Langston², 
3. D. Palma²,
4. K. Lamb³

Article first published online: 7 AUG 2012

DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00985.x

Copyright © 2012 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Issue

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Volume 26, Issue 5, pages 1093–1098, September–October 2012

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been shown to be a predictor of mortality in human medicine. Published studies in the veterinary literature evaluating relative changes in serum creatinine concentration as a prognostic factor are limited.

Objective

To evaluate an AKI grading system based on serum creatinine concentration to determine if it correlates with outcome prediction in dogs and cats.

Animals

Six hundred forty-five dogs and 209 cats that had at least 2 serum creatinine concentration measurements measured within 7 days.

Methods

Retrospective study. Dogs and cats with an initial serum creatinine concentrations of ≤1.6 mg/dL and that had more than 1 concentration measured within 2, 3, and 7 days were placed into levels (0–2) based on absolute changes. Mortality then was determined at 30 and 90 days.

Results

Based on odds ratios calculated with a 95% confidence interval, dogs placed in level 1 within 2 days were approximately 3 times more likely to die within 90 days. Dogs placed in level 2 within 2, 3, or 7 days were approximately 3 times more likely to die within 30 or 90 days. Cats placed in level 2 within 3 or 7 days were approximately 3 times more likely to die at 30 days and 4 times more likely to die if placed in this level within 7 days. If placed in level 2 within 2 or 3 days, cats were approximately 3 times more likely to die within 90 days.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Detecting increasing severity of azotemia helps predict mortality in dogs and cats.

Effect of Weight Loss in Obese Dogs on Indicators of Renal Function or Disease

1. A. Tvarijonaviciute¹, 
2. J.J. Ceron¹, 
3. S.L. Holden², 
4. V. Biourge³, 
5. P.J. Morris⁴, 
6. A.J. German^2,*

Article first published online: 26 DEC 2012

DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12029

Copyright © 2012 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Issue

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Volume 27, Issue 1, pages 31–38, January/February 2013

Background

Obesity is a common medical disorder in dogs, and can predispose to a number of diseases. Human obesity is a risk factor for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease.

Objectives

To investigate the possible association of weight loss on plasma and renal biomarkers of kidney health.

Animals

Thirty-seven obese dogs that lost weight were included in the study.

Methods

Prospective observational study. Three novel biomarkers of renal functional impairment, disease, or both (homocysteine, cystatin C, and clusterin), in addition to traditional markers of chronic renal failure (serum urea and creatinine, urine specific gravity [USG], urine protein-creatinine ratio [UPCR], and urine albumin corrected by creatinine [UAC]) before and after weight loss in dogs with naturally occurring obesity were investigated.

Results

Urea (P = .043) and USG (P = .012) were both greater after weight loss than before loss, whilst UPCR, UAC, and creatinine were less after weight loss (P = .032, P = .006, and P = .026, respectively). Homocysteine (P < .001), cystatin C (P < .001) and clusterin (P < .001) all decreased upon weight loss. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed associations between percentage weight loss (greater weight loss, more lean tissue loss; r = −0.67, r² = 0.45, P < .001) and before-loss plasma clusterin concentration (greater clusterin, more lean tissue loss; r = 0.48, r² = 0.23, P = .003).

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

These results suggest possible subclinical alterations in renal function in canine obesity, which improve with weight loss. Further work is required to determine the nature of these alterations and, most notably, the reason for the association between before loss plasma clusterin and subsequent lean tissue loss during weight management.

Standard Article

Echocardiographic Evidence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Obese Dogs

1. E. Mehlman¹, 
2. J.M. Bright¹, 
3. K. Jeckel², 
4. C. Porsche², 
5. D.N.R. Veeramachaneni², 
6. M. Frye^1,2,*

Article first published online: 29 NOV 2012

DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12018

Copyright © 2012 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Issue

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Volume 27, Issue 1, pages 62–68, January/February 2013

Additional Information(Show All)

How to CiteAuthor InformationPublication History

1. This work was performed at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Preliminary results were presented at the Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Research Day 2011 and the 2012 American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum, New Orleans, LA

Background

Cardiomyopathy of obesity occurs in humans, but the gross and cellular myocardial response to obesity in dogs is not well defined.

Objectives

To characterize in vivo myocardial morphology and function in normotensive obese dogs, and quantitate collagen, triglyceride and myocyte cross-sectional area (CSA) in postmortem tissues from obese dogs.

Animals

Echocardiographic-Doppler measurements of normotensive obese dogs (n = 19) without historical or physical examination evidence of disease, and lean healthy dogs (n = 19) matched for age and ideal weight. Postmortem data were obtained from a separate population of 4 obese and 12 lean dogs without evidence of cardiac disease.

Methods

A prospective, observational study of myocardial morphology and function was conducted by echocardiographic-Doppler measurement. Left ventricular (LV) tissue was collected for quantitation of triglyceride, collagen, and myocyte CSA.

Results

Compared with lean control dogs, obese dogs had increased systolic blood pressure (obese 153 ± 19 mm Hg; lean 133 ± 20 mm Hg;P = .003), and increased LV free wall thickness at end-diastole (obese 9.9 ± 1.8 mm, lean 8.7 ± 1.5 mm; P = .03) and end-systole (obese 15.2 ± 2.3 mm, lean 12.9 ± 2.3 mm; P = .004). Isovolumic relaxation time was prolonged in 7/19 (37%) of obese dogs, compared with normal ranges. Myocardial triglyceride and collagen content and myocyte CSA were similar between groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

As in humans, LV hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction can be an early myocardial change in some obese dogs.

Glucocorticoid-dependent hypoadrenocorticism with thrombocytopenia and neutropenia mimicking sepsis in a Labrador retriever dog

Glucocorticoid-dependent hypoadrenocorticism with thrombocytopenia and neutropenia mimicking sepsis in a Labrador retriever dog

Elisabeth Snead, Cheryl Vargo, Sherry Myers

Glucocorticoid-deficient hypoadrenocorticism (GDH) with immune-mediated-neutropenia (IMN) and -thrombocytopenia (IMT) were diagnosed in a 3-year-old Labrador retriever dog. Glucocorticoid-deficient hypoadrenocorticism is rare and diagnostically challenging as clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities are often nonspecific. Immune-mediated cytopenias and other autoimmune disorders, as part of an autoimmune polyglandular syndrome have been reported with hypoadrenocorticism in humans. This is the first reported case of hypoadrenocorticism and bicytopenia in a dog

Can Vet J 2011;52:1129–1134

Adjustment of the Anion Gap for Changes in Serum Protein in Dogs and Cats

Adjustment of the Anion Gap for Changes in Serum Protein in Dogs and Cats

International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium 2010

G. Hayes; K. Mathews; A. Bersenas; C. Dewey
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada

20446262

Introduction

An elevated anion gap (AG) in metabolic acidosis is suggestive of hyperlactemia, ketoacidosis, renal failure, or toxicity. Because blood proteins carry a negative charge, the AG is reduced in hypoproteinemia, and a diagnosis of high AG acidosis may be missed. There is a need for the development of AG adjustment formulas in dogs and cats, derived from populations that include hypoproteinemic patients.

Methods

This was a retrospective observational study, evaluating serum samples from 2161 feline and 8952 canine patients. Serum albumin, total protein (TP), electrolytes, phosphate and bicarbonate were measured in patients of varying ages with a range of clinical problems. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationships between changes in serum total protein and albumin and AG. The impact of acidosis and hyperphosphatemia on these relationships was also assessed.

Results

Hypoalbuminemia was identified in 16% of canine and 22% of feline samples. Hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia were associated with decreased AG in both canine and feline patients. Each decrease in TP of 1g/L was associated with a decrease in AG of 0.1 mmol/L in cats and 0.16 mmol/L in dogs. The relationship between serum TP and AG was not altered by the presence of acidosis or hyperphosphatemia. Each decrease in albumin of 1g/L was associated with a decrease in AG of 0.17mmol/L in cats and 0.29 mmol in acidotic dogs when serum albumin <= 40g/L.

Conclusion

AG is altered in both species by changes in serum protein levels. Adjustment formulas are presented to allow rapid calculation of AG_adjusted.

Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in Cats with Pancreatitis

23241374

   Pancreatitis has been demonstrated in humans and experimentally in rats as a complication of acute hemolysis. Following the identification of a cat with acute hemolysis due to IMHA and concurrent pancreatitis, the aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate if these two diseases are associated in cats.

For this retrospective, case-control study, the author's residency case log of all cases seen at Glasgow University Small Animal Hospital between July 2004 and December 2007 (consisting of 157 client owned feline patients and 674 canine patients), was searched for cats diagnosed with pancreatitis. These cats were included in group 1. A clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis was made on a combination of: clinical signs, measurement of serum feline pancreatic lipase (fPLI) or trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI), and abdominal ultrasonography. A control population sick cats without pancreatitis (group 2) was created from the same database. For each cat in group 1, three sick cats were included in group 2. These cats were randomly selected after age-, sex(including neutered status) and breed-matching to the cats with pancreatitis. IMHA was diagnosed as a hematocrit ≤ 15% and the presence of a positive Coombs' test. The prevalence of IMHA between the two groups of cats was calculated and the difference in prevalence was statistically evaluated with the Fisher exact test. The level of significance was set as p < 0.05.

Of the 157 cats included in the database, 9 were diagnosed at presentation with pancreatitis and three of these cats (33%) had a concurrent diagnosis of IMHA. Only 1 (3.4%) of the 27 cats in group 2 (sick cats without pancreatitis) was diagnosed with IMHA. The prevalence of IMHA was significantly higher in group 1 compared with groups 2 (p = 0.04).

Cats with pancreatitis have an higher prevalence of IMHA compared to other sick cats. The hemolysis occurring during IMHA may therefore be the etiological cause of this disorder in these cats, as previously reported in humans and rats.

  

American college of veterinary internal medicine forum 2012

Andrea Zoia

San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Padua, Italy