Uso do doppler no diagnóstico de torção esplênica em cães

B-MODE AND DOPPLER ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF THE SPLEEN WITH CANINE SPLENIC TORSION: A RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATION

1. H. Mark Saunders VMD, MS^*, 
2. Prudence J. Neath BSc, BVetMed, 
3. Daniel J. Brockman BVSc

Article first published online: 23 MAY 2005

DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01619.x

Issue

Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound

Volume 39, Issue 4, pages 349–353, July 1998

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Keywords:

• canine;
• splenic torsion;
• venous thrombosis;
• ultrasound;
• Doppler

The ultrasonographic appearance of splenic torsion has been described; the splenic parenchyma can be normal, hypoechoic or anechoic with interspersed linear echoes (coarse/“lacy” appearance). The ultrasonographic parenchymal appearance of 15 dogs in this report with splenic torsion varied: mottled hypoechoic regions (n=2), diffusely hypoechoic (n=11) and normal (n=2). Because splenic torsion causes vascular congestion due to splenic vein compression and eventual thrombosis, visible splenic vein intraluminal echogenicities compatible with thrombi were seen in 13 dogs using B-mode. Using spectral Doppler and color Doppler imaging of the splenic veins, no measurable flow velocities were detected in any of the 15 dogs. The varied B-mode ultrasonographic appearance of the splenic veins for intraluminal echoes and spectral or color Doppler evaluation for absent velocity flow.

Torção esplênica em cães

Retrospective analysis of 19 cases of isolated torsion of the splenic pedicle in dogs

1. P. J. NEATH, 
2. D. J. BROCKMAN, 
3. H. M. SAUNDERS

Article first published online: 28 JUN 2008

DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03491.x

Issue

Journal of Small Animal Practice

Volume 38, Issue 9, pages 387–392, September 1997

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Nineteen cases of isolated splenic torsion in the dog were reviewed retrospectively. Perioperative data were anaiysed in order to determine prognostic indicators of morbidity and mortality for animals with this disease. The Great Dane and German shepherd dog were found to be at increased risk for this condition. The historical features of splenic torsion were non-speclflc and included intermittent signs of gastrointestinal disease and abdominal discomfort. Mean duration of malaise was eight days, but 17 dogs were presented because of a rapid deterioration in their condition. Abdominal ultrasound findings assisted in the decision to perform surgery in ail the dogs on which it was performed. Eighteen animals had splenic torsion confirmed at surgery and were treated by total splenectomy. Ail 18 surgically managed dogs survived. Analysis of pre and postoperative data failed to reveal preoperative parameters that consistently predicted postorative complications.

The Veterinary Journal

Volume 195, Issue 2, February 2013, Pages 205–209

Retrospective comparison of prednisolone and ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of feline lymphocytic cholangitis

• C.M.A. Otte^, , 
• L.C. Penning, 
• J. Rothuizen, 
• R.P. Favier

• Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.020, How to Cite or Link Using DOI

Abstract

A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the effect of treatment with prednisolone or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on the survival times of 26 cats with lymphocytic cholangitis, and to determine prognostic factors. Most affected cats were males (76.9%, P = 0.006) and a breed predisposition for the Norwegian Forest Cat was demonstrated (P = 0.021). Clinical signs included weight loss, icterus, anorexia, vomiting, and listlessness. Blood analyses revealed elevated hepatic enzymes, bile acids and hypergammaglobulinaemia. Breed, sex, and therapeutic regimen were significantly associated with survival times. Prednisolone treatment resulted in a statistically longer survival time compared to UDCA.

Keywords

• Cat; 
• Hepatobiliary disease; 
• Lymphocytic cholangitis; 
• Prednisolone; 
• Ursodeoxycholic acid

Doença Inflamatória hepática em felinos

• Condições que afetam o figado dos felinos podem ser divididas em inflamatórias e não inflamatórias
• As causas de doenças hepáticas em felinos frequentemente são diferentes das identificadas nos cães.
• A apresentação pode ser vaga com pouco sintomas até severamente enfermos com complicações metabólicas múltiplas
• Diagnóstico definitivo geralmente requer biopsia
• Alimentação por sonda esofágica ou gástrica é indicada em gatos anoréxicos

Artigo completo acesse o link

Efeitos da suplementação da N acetilcisteina sobre a concentração intracelular de glutationa, escores clinicos em pacientes hospitalizados

Pacientes criticamente enfermos apresentam redução na taxa de antioxidantes e aumento na lipoperoxidação.  A N-acetilcisteína é transformada em L-cisteína que corresponde ao principal aminoácido constituinte da glutationa, um antioxidante intracelular. Portanto sua suplementação poderia melhorar os niveis de glutationa, consequentemente melhorando os escores clínicos.

Setenta e dois cães foram incluídos no estudo, 12 foram excluídos por não completarem 3 dias de internação. Foram separados em 2 grupos, placebo e tratamento que receberam 140mg/kg como dose de ataque de NAC e 70mg/kg a cada 6 horas por 8 oportunidades.

Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para analise de antioxidantes e seus precursores

O artigo teve um desenho muito bem feito, simples, com objetivos diretos e avaliação do desfecho, que utilizando o SPI2, traduz a taxa de mortalidade provável para cada grupo que não demonstrou diferenças ao serem admitidos e após o tratamento. 

O único parâmetro alterado após o tratamentos foram os níveis de cisteína  esperados pela suplementação da N-acetilcisteina. 

Outra consideração que pode ser realizada é que a avaliação foi a curto prazo, não deixando claro se a suplementação poderia ter outro resultado a longo prazo.

Portanto a suplementação de NAC apresenta melhoras nos niveis do precursos da glutationa, mas neste estudo de avaliação precoce não demonstrou diferenças na capacidade antioxidante nem no escore clínico

Standard Article

Effect of N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation on Intracellular Glutathione, Urine Isoprostanes, Clinical Score, and Survival in Hospitalized Ill Dogs

1. K.R. Viviano^*, 
2. B. VanderWielen

Article first published online: 4 MAR 2013

DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12048

Copyright © 2013 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Issue

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Early View (Online Version of Record published before inclusion in an issue)

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Keywords:

• Antioxidants;
• Glutathione;
• Lipid peroxidation;
• Oxidative stress;
• Vitamin E

Background

Antioxidant depletion and lipid peroxidation have been correlated with disease severity and associated with poor outcomes.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Supplementing dogs with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) during the first 48 hours of hospitalization will increase cysteine, normalize glutathione concentrations, and decrease the degree of lipid peroxidation associated with illness.

Animals

Sixty systemically ill hospitalized client-owned dogs and 14 healthy control dogs.

Methods

Randomized investigator-blinded, placebo-controlled prospective study. Dogs were randomized to treatment with NAC (n = 30) versus placebo (n = 30). Antioxidants, urine 8-isoprostane/creatinine (IP/Cr), and clinical score were determined before and after treatment with NAC. Glutathione, cysteine, and vitamin E concentrations were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify selenium and isoprostane concentrations, respectively.

Results

Ill dogs had significantly lower vitamin E concentrations (27 versus 55 μg/mL; P = .0005) as well as elevated IP/Cr ratios (872 versus 399 pg/mg; P = .0007) versus healthy dogs. NAC supplementation significantly increased plasma cysteine (8.67 versus 15.1 μM;P < .0001) while maintaining glutathione concentrations. Dogs in the placebo group experienced a statistically significant decrease in glutathione concentrations (1.49 versus 1.44 mM; P = .0463). Illness severity and survival were unchanged after short duration NAC supplementation.

Conclusions

Ill dogs experience systemic oxidative stress. Supplementation with NAC during the first 48 hours of hospitalization stabilized erythrocyte glutathione concentrations. The clinical impact of this supplementation and glutathione concentration stabilization was undetermined

Simpósio Sepse e Choque Circulatório

J Res Med Sci. 2011 October; 16(10): 1332–1339.

PMCID: PMC3430024

Blood autotransfusion outcomes compared with Ringer lactate infusion in dogs with hemorrhagic shock induced by controlled bleeding^*

Mansour Safaei¹ and Hassan Mousavi Takami²

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

The most common cause of shock in the surgical or trauma patient is hemorrhage. Crystalloid solutions and blood transfusion are the mainstays of treatment of hemorrhagic shock. Considering the disadvantages of allogeneic blood transfusion, such as risk of transmission of infectious diseases, and access and maintenance limitations, treatment of shock with autologous blood seems to be a decent solution. Autologous blood accumulated in body cavities in traumatic bleeding (such hemothorax), and bloodshed in operation field during open heart or vascular surgeries, and similar situations, can be utilized again. In this study, autotransfusion effects compared with crystalloid fluid in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock was investigated.

METHODS:

After induction of hemorrhagic shock in dogs by Wiggers type controlled bleeding, treating them in a group with autologous blood and another group with Ringer lactate were performed, and the results of treatment were studied.

RESULTS:

There was no mortality in both treatment approaches. Immediately after treatment, crystalloid positive effects such as renormalized vital signs and appropriate consciousness were more noticeable than autotransfusion, while twenty-four hours after, the desired effects of autologous blood were more pronounced like decreased metabolic acidosis and improvement of diuresis.

CONCLUSIONS:

Crystalloid during the first hours after treatment of hemorrhagic shock may be better than autologous blood as preferred treatment, while autotransfusion showed its benefits some hours after. This finding can be used to develop better strategies for treatment of hemorrhagic shock.

KEYWORDS: Hemorrhagic Shock, Autotransfusion, Crystalloid

Splenectomy as an adjunctive treatment for dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: ten cases (2003–2006)

1. Jason Elliott Horgan DVM, 
2. Brian Keith Roberts DVM, DACVECC, 
3. Thomas Schermerhorn VMD, DACVIM

Article first published online: 15 MAY 2009

DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00419.x

© Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2009

Issue

Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care

Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 254–261, June 2009

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Keywords:

• autoimmune disease;
• immune-mediated disease;
• red blood cell;
• small animal surgery;
• spleen

Abstract

Objective – To describe the patient population, disease severity, and outcome in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) that underwent splenectomy. To compare presurgical and postsurgical data.

Design – Retrospective case series.

Setting – Emergency clinic/referral hospital.

Animals – Ten dogs diagnosed with IMHA.

Interventions – Splenectomy in addition to standard medical management for IMHA.

Measurements – Medical records of 10 dogs with IMHA, in which a splenectomy was performed were reviewed. The population was analyzed with regards to physical and clinicopathologic data, severity, treatment, and outcome. Outcome was defined as survival at 30 days, percentage of dogs on medications at 30 days, and number of relapses documented by 30 days. The presurgical and postsurgical PCV and transfusion requirements were documented and compared for each dog.

Results – Nine of 10 dogs survived to 30 days. Four of the 9 that survived were not on any immunosuppressive medications. There were no relapses during the 30 days. The 3-day postsplenectomy PCVs were significantly higher than presplenectomy. The number of transfusions administered postsplenectomy was significantly less than those administered presplenectomy.

Conclusion – The use of splenectomy may be associated with an improved outcome in dogs with IMHA.

Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery

Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2007, Pages 458–465

Bacteriuria in cats with feline lower urinary tract disease: a clinical study of 134 cases in Norway

• Anna V. Eggertsdóttir, DVM, PhD^1, , , 
• Heidi S. Lund, DVM¹, 
• Randi Krontveit, DVM¹, 
• Henning Sørum,DVM, PhD²

• ¹ Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
• ² Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway

• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.06.003, How to Cite or Link Using DOI

• Permissions & Reprints

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Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is considered to be one of the most common diagnoses in feline patients. Several authors have concluded that feline idiopathic cystitis is the most common cause of FLUTD, whereas infectious cystitis is diagnosed in only 2% of the cases. In the period from January 2003 to February 2005, 134 cats that presented with signs of lower urinary tract disorders were included in a study at the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science. Ninety-seven percent were first opinion cases. All the cats went through a physical examination, and blood samples were collected for haematology and clinical chemistry. The urine analysis included urine stix, specific gravity, microscopic examination of the sediment and microbiological culturing. The urine samples were collected as voided mid-stream urine samples, by catheter or by cystocentesis and the method used was registered. Of the 134 cats included in the study, 37% were diagnosed as having obstructive and 63% as having non-obstructive FLUTD. In total 44 cats (33%) were diagnosed with bacteriuria, exceeding 10³ colony forming units per millilitre (cfu/ml) and 33 (25%) of these cats had bacterial growth exceeding 10⁴ cfu/ml, either alone or in combination with crystals and/or uroliths. Six cats (18%) with bacterial growth exceeding 10⁴ cfu/ml were older than 8 years. No significant difference was found between the sampling methods performed with regard to bacteriuria. This study indicates that bacteriuria may have been underdiagnosed in Norwegian cats with clinical signs of FLUTD. It also confirms the importance of microbiological culturing in first opinion cases with FLUTD and that a skilled operator can get representative samples regardless the choice of method.

Cytokines as Immunological Markers for Systemic Inflammation in Dogs with Pyometra

1. I Karlsson¹, 
2. R Hagman^2,*, 
3. A Johannisson¹, 
4. L Wang¹, 
5. E Karlstam³, 
6. S Wernersson¹

Article first published online: 24 DEC 2012

DOI: 10.1111/rda.12034

© 2012 Blackwell Verlag GmbH

Issue

Reproduction in Domestic Animals

Special Issue: Canine and Feline Reproduction VII: Reproductive Biology and Medicine of Domestic and Exotic Carnivores. Proceedings of the 7^thQuadrennial International Symposium on Canine and Feline Reproduction. Whistler, Canada. 26-29 July 2012.

Volume 47, Issue Supplement s6, pages 337–341,December 2012

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Contents

Pyometra is a disease in dogs caused by bacterial infection of the uterus and resulting in SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) in nearly 6 of 10 cases. Clinical diagnostic criteria for SIRS are relatively unspecific, and biomarkers for the diagnosis of pyometra and SIRS in dogs are needed. Serum samples from 32 dogs were used in this study and grouped into dogs with pyometra and SIRS, dogs with pyometra without SIRS and healthy controls. The serum concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18 and TNF-α were measured using multiplex analyses. The serum concentrations of CRP (C-reactive protein) were determined using sandwich ELISA. IL-7, IL-8, IL-15, IL-18 and TNF-α were detected in >94% of samples. IL-10 was detected in 28% of samples, and IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-γ were undetectable. Higher serum concentrations of IL-7 (p < 0.05) were detected in SIRS-positive dogs with pyometra (n = 13) as compared with healthy controls (n = 11). The concentrations of IL-8 were higher in SIRS-positive dogs with pyometra compared to the SIRS-negative group (n = 8; p < 0.05). Positive correlations of IL-15 with IL-18 (p < 0.0001) and with the concentrations of IL-7 (p < 0.0001 for both) were found, although there was no significant difference between groups. Furthermore, IL-15 correlated with concentrations of CRP (p < 0.05), which were higher in dogs with pyometra compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Our data suggest a role of several cytokines in the development of a systemic disease in dogs with pyometra and a possible diagnostic value for serum CRP, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-18 in canine SIRS caused by pyometra.